Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds Analysis

Transition Elements and Coordination Compounds Analysis Manganese is a first row transition metal that has varies type of oxidation states when it appears as a compound. The oxidation range is from Mn(-III) till Mn(VII). This has shown that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation number have a different of 10 electrons. The experiment 1 that we have done is changing oxidation state of manganese(II) chloride to an acetylacetonemanganese(III) with an oxidizing agent potassium permanganate. However, the main target compound that we are interested in this experiment 1 is the characterize complexes of 2 metal ions with the anion of acetylacetone. This compound is actually a typical a-diketone that can ionize in an aqueous solution as a weak acid. This is the main reason that the acetylacetonate anion will serve as a ligand towards metal ion and form new complexes. The ligand will bond to the metal through 2 oxygen atoms to form a six-membered ring. These six-membered rings (MO2C3) are in a planar shape and it is a weak aromatic. This is due to that they contain 6 Ï€ electrons. Thus, in the complexes of stoichiometry M(acac)3, there will be in a few different shapes. Such as the MO6 array is octahedral, for Cu(acac)2, the CuO4 group will be in square planar, and lastly for VO(acac)2, the VO5 group is in square pyramidal. As a result, the complexes are neutral in charge and they may be isolated as crystalline solids with interesting variety of colors. The equation for this experiment will be: MnCl2 + 4H2O → [Mn(H2O)4]Cl2 [Mn(H2O)4]Cl2 + 2HC5H7O2 + 2NaC2H3O2 → Mn(C5H7O2)2 + 2NaCl + 2HC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 → 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2O Cobalt is also another transition element that we are using in this experiment to form a coordination complexes. The cobalt 2+ ion is more stable than the cobalt 3+ ion for simple salts of cobalt. Therefore, there are only a few salts that are form with Co(II). However, the forming of complexes will eventually have a more stable oxidation state compare to the oxidation state of Co(II). In octahedral coordinated complexes, the number of complexes appears in a very stable conformation. Werner coordination complexes are compounds that formed between a transition metal ions and variety of organic and inorganic ions or neutral molecules. For both chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride and tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) also forms the octahedral coordination. In these complexes, it contains of six ligands (L) and a central atom (M) at the apices of an octahedron. For this experiment, the equation will be written as: Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 → [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ + 3Cl- → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + H2O Vanadium is also a transition element where it also exits in a variety of oxidation states which is from -3 to +5. Each of it undergoes a wide variety of chemistry depends on the electronic and steric nature of the coordinating ligands of it. For an example, in a higher oxidation states, vanadium is very oxophilic, but at low oxidation states, the Ï€-donating ligands such as dinitrogen and carbon monoxide are preferred. Therefore, the +4 and +5 states for vanadium are more important in biological reactions. The vanadium(IV) is dominated by the stable oxovanadium (VO2+) cation that remains intact during many reactions. While the deoxygenation of oxovanadium(IV) complexes to form a six-coordinate vanadium(IV) complexes will usually enhances their reactivity. In this situation, vanadium that is also a strong oxidizing agent will actually undergo redox in high possibilities when it involve in the reaction with organic molecules. Majority of vanadium(IV) complexes depend upon oxovanadium ion VO2+ complexes and the color for it is generally green or blue-green. This compound has oxygen atoms coordinating in the equatorial plane where the apical coordination will be the oxo group that complete the square pyramidal geometry coordination. It acts as a good precursor and undergoes ligand exchange reaction where one or both of the acetlyacetonato groups can easily be exchanged with organic ligands that having coordinating of different potentialities. For both of the complexes above is all in hexacoordinate with octahedral. However, there are many examples of coordination chemistry with coordination numbers from 3 to 9. Pentacoordinate complexes are much less common than either tetra- or hexacoordinate. This is more common for some metals, compound with one oxidation state and some others rare compound. There are mainly two types of geometries for it which is trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal. The bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is our product in this experiment 3. In this experiment, the equation for it can be written as: V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHO VOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2 Discussion: Interpretation of IR spectrum for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 1635.2 1506.5 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C=CH) deformation 1386.9 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3)- symmetric C-H deformation 1255.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C-CH3) stretching 1014.8 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) out-of plane bending 924.5 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching 785.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C-H)deformation 678.1 -relative intensity : medium/ strong -(C-CH3)stretching,(O=C-CH3) deformation -(Mn-O) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond 458.3 relative intensity : weak (C=C) stretching,(C-CH3) stretching -(Mn-O) stretching that also indicatesmetal-ligand bond Interpretation of IR spectrum for bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 1559.0 1532.9 -relative intensity : medium (C=O) stretching -( C=C),(C=CH) stretching 1419.0 -relative intensity : medium -(CH3) deformation 1374.3 1357.9 -relative intensity : strong -(C=O) stretching -(CH3) deformation mode 1287.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C=C) stretching 997.4 -relative intensity : strong and sharp -stretching of V=O bond -it also indicates the metal-ligand bond.(1) 1021.7 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) rocking 937.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching -(C=O) stretching 798.7 -relative intensity : medium -(C-H) out-of-plane bending 686.0 657.1 -relative intensity : medium/ weak -(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for: 609.6 -(ring) deformation Interpretation of IR spectrum for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride: Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 1635.0 1559.0 -relative intensity : medium -degenerate asymmetric NH3stretching 1304.8 -relative intensity : strong -symmetric NH3angle deformation 837.7 -relative intensity : strong -NH3rocking 669.2 -(Co-N) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond(1) 486.2 -(Co-Cl) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond(1) There are suppose to have a symmetric NH3 stretch, 3169.3 cm-1 and an asymmetric NH3 stretch, 3289.3 cm-1 in the IR spectrum. These two spectrums are important to prove that there are two different chemical conditions for this NH3 ligand in this complex. This condition is actually due to the distortion geometry by chloride ligand. From 3 of the IR spectrum that we had obtains is that we are able to identify two error in it. First is the peak that going upwards at the region between 2000 cm-1 and 2500 cm-1. This error is due to the FT-IR spectrometry error as it can be shown in the comparison between the second IR spectrums that read by another spectrometry. Then, the following error is the very strong H2O that is mixed within the compound when we are doing the tablets. This very strong H2O is within the range of 3200 cm-1 to 3800 cm-1 region. Magnetic susceptibility Diamagnetic If the intensity of magnetization is negative, the material is said to be diamagnetic. This works when the density of lines that force inside the sample is less than that outside in this material. When it placed in an inhomogeneous magnetic field will tend to move to the region of lowest field. The repulsion that forms from the field will then produce energy in it. So, it is an endothermic process. Magnitude of the attractive force increase with the number of unpaired electrons that contain in the transition metal ion. Thus, the complexes that having a single unpaired d electron will interact less strongly with a magnetic field compared with complexes that have two unpaired electrons. So, complexes that contain no unpaired electrons are said to be diamagnetic and it is only weakly repelled by magnetic field. The figure is also very small as order of -1 to -10010-6 c.g.s e.m.u. In addition, it does not depend in the field strength and independent on temperature. In this experiment, th e chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is a diamagnetic compound. The chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride has d6 electron configuration that is high spin. It is zero for the unpaired electrons in the orbital.(100) Paramagnetic If the intensity of magnetization of a paramagnetic is positive, hence ÃŽ ´w/ÃŽ ´H is negative and such a material will tend to move regions of maximum field strength since this is an exothermic process. The figure for the paramagnetic susceptibility is large and relative large as fall within the range of 100 to 100,00010-6 c.g.s e.m.u. In addition, it does not depend on magnetic field strength but do depend on temperature. Paramagnetic is a consequence of the interaction of and the spinangular momenta of unpaired electrons with the applied field. Complexes that have no unpaired electron in the orbital will have a magnetic moment that is as strong as it will attract each other stronger in the field. Thus this compound is paramagnetic. In this experiment, the bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) and tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is a paramagnetic compound. The tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) has a d4 low spin of electron configuration with twp unpaired electrons. For the bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) has a d3 electron configuration that has 2 unpaired electrons within the orbital. So, this eventually states that both of the products are paramagnetic. (100) The Shape of the Compounds The shape for the bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is actually in a shape of square pyramidal as I had mention in the introduction. The formation of a square pyramidal complex is due to the ligand that influences it. The steric effect between vanadium and the other oxygen bonding will tend to have competed among each other for the spacing with the other ligands in the metal bonding orbital. This effect can be observed in the decrease in the IR stretching frequency of the VO bond when there is a sixth ligand coordinates trans to oxygen. (9) The shape for penta is in Werner coordination as I have mention also in the introduction. It means that it is in an octahedron shape with a 6 coordination numbers. The ground state for octahedral complexes Mn(acac)3 which is the product of our experiment 1 of is a 5Eg (t2g 3eg1) position. The black manganese(III) acetylacetonate complex that which is the product of our experiment usually has an octahedral configuration. there actually exists of the Jahn teller distortion. Thus, it will be not a pure octahedral conformation. Then, it will have two forms for this compounds where one is with substantial tetrahedral elongation where two Mn-O bonds at 212 pm, and four at 193 pm and the other with moderate tetragonal compression where the two Mn-O bonds at 195 pm and four at 200 pm. Namely, The room temperature effective magnetic moments of the manganese(III) complexes with mixed ligands are in the range of 4.76-4.9 ÃŽ ¼B, which corresponds to four unpaired electrons typical of the d4 system. It is supposed that in mixed-ligand complexes the ligand has localized Ï€-bond and do not favor electron-pairing. The Jahn-Teller effect due to an unequal filling up of t2g and eg orbital yields a distorted octahedral geometry in complex. These complexes have a dark green to green color. The proposed structures of the complexes shown in Fig 3 are consistent with the related data (5).

How Single Events Propel a Child from Innocence into Adulthood :: Childhood Adulthood Development Essays

How Single Events Propel a Child from Innocence into Adulthood To show how single events or experiences propel a child form innocence into adulthood, I shall use the following texts, "Jane Eyre" a novel by Charlotte Bront, "The Flowers" a short story by Alice Walker, "The Stolen Party" a short story by Liliana Heker, "The Lesson" a poem by Edward Lucie-Smith and finally "Diana, Her True Story-In Her own words" an autobiography by Andrew Morton. Childhood is a muddled time where children are oblivious to what goes on in the surrounding environment, they think that everything is good and safe and are just unaware of the reality. Children generally learn the truth from their actions, parents, and sometimes it is a single event, which will be remembered from that moment on, to open their eyes to the real world. I am going to show how this change in a person occurs in the texts above. "Jane Eyre" a novel by Charlotte BrontÃÆ'Â «, the novel is written in third person narrative, given form Jane's point of view, giving the story a very honest, personal view on her life. "Jane Eyre" is about a young girl of 10 years old called Jane; she grows up as an orphan due to the death of her parents when she was a year old. She was sent to live with her aunt in Gateshead. She is not accepted into the aunts' family and she is open to daily cruelty and neglect throughout her childhood. Near the beginning of the book Jane is sent to the "Red Room" this is to punish her bad behaviour. The experience of being unfairly treated, is the first time she realises how unfair people and life can be towards her, because she is being punished for something her cousin started, by picking on her. Miss Abbot and Bessie already have a bad opinion of Jane, and with this bad action she is open to the worst punishment in her eyes possible, the Red room, and to make Jane more afraid Miss Abbott says "say your prayers, Miss Eyre, where you are by yourself, for if you don't repent something bad might be permitted to come down the chimney and fetch you away", by saying this actually being in the room has been made worse something more to be afraid of. Charlotte BrontÃÆ'Â «'s description of the red room is sombre, full of darkness and mystery, but to Jane a frightening room, but this is most due to the talk about it previous to being in it. The room is described with "red" being the main surrounding feature of the room,

Adult Education Essay -- essays research papers

Community Based Adult Education A. Global Assessment of Community Based Adult Education. This includes most important contributions they can make to society in the face of what are considered the most significant challenges of the 1990's. Who are the customers and how can they best be served? Which of the philosophies of adult education are most evident in each case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adult educators in community based development identify with a specific content area or with a specific clientele. For example literacy (the adult reading programs established throughout different communities) and also health (aids awareness programs).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aims and purposes of community-based adult education are usually directly related to specific community issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community Development (strictly an educational process; everything else is secondary) vs. Popular Education (providing social skills useful to the oppressed).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Community-Based education operates on the assumption that a given community has potential to solve many of its problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The customers are the people in the community with common needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paulo Freire is the principle thinker under the Popular Education. B. What trends are evident (or can be expected) that will impact such institutions:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education with the people instead of for the peop...

Executive Summary of Proctor and Gamble :: Bounty Toilet Paper Marketing Essays

Executive Summary of Proctor and Gamble Proctor & Gamble will introduce the new Bounty Toilet Paper during the first week of December 1999. This brand of toilet paper will take the already established idea used with Bounty Paper Towels, and modify to the toilet paper world. Bounty has always stressed the idea of taking the least amount of the product, but still getting the job done while at same time consisting of a strong durability. Never before has such attributes of durability and effectiveness been used in a toilet paper brand, therefore P&G hopes to establish Bounty Toilet Paper as a leader in the industry. Proctor & Gamble understands the high competition that already exists in the toilet paper industry, but feel that new Bounty Toilet Paper will change how this industry is geared. In recent times, toilet paper producers have stressed comfort and style in the production of their products, but as the times have changed, the American public is now more interested in getting the job done in the shortest amount of time with the smallest amount of the product. P&G have produced Bounty Toilet Paper because of this change in the lifestyle of Americans. With this focus on effectiveness and durability, Bounty will go into the new Millennium leading the toilet paper world. Company Background Proctor and Gamble was founded in Cincinnati, OH, by William Proctor and James Gamble in 1837. Initially the company was started to compete with the 14 other soap and candle makers already established in Cincinnati, but around the end of the century, Proctor and Gamble dropped candle manufacturing altogether to focus on soap production. By 1890, Proctor and Gamble had increased their production to over 30 different types of soap. During 1911, Proctor and Gamble introduced Crisco, the first all-vegetable shortening, beginning what would be the first in a long line of different unrelated products the company would develop in the future. Such products include Tide washing detergent, Crest toothpaste, Charmin toilet paper, Pampers baby diapers, Folgers coffee, Bounce fabric softener, Pert Plus shampoo, and Bounty paper towels, just to name a few. With these products, and the more than thousand others, Proctor and Gamble leads the world in sales in almost all categories of household products. Sales hit the one million mark by 1859, roughly 22 years after the company was formed.

Novel Prize on Economics in 2009

TOPIC: Novel Prize on Economics In 2009 Abstract: This year's Nobel Prize in economics goes to Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson. Elinor Ostrom received the prize for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons while Oliver E. Williamson received the prize for his contributions to the economic governance, emphasizing the boundaries of the firm and its role in conflict resolution and case bargaining. Michael Spence, the 2001 Nobel prize winner, briefly summarized the main contributions of Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E.Williamson to the economic theory. Many economist and critics has given their speech about the novel prize award of this year. Some of them criticize the novel committee for giving the prize of these two persons while others congratulate the prize winners as well as the novel committee. Most of the people think Novel prize received by the right person for their great contribution on economics. Introduction: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Scienc es in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968.Technically, there is no ‘Nobel’ prize in Economics; on the website of Nobel foundation, amongst Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and the Nobel Peace Prize, later ‘Prize in Economics’ commenced since 1969. After that this prise has been given regularly. 41 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been awarded every year since 1969. 22 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been given to one Laureate only. 15 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared by two Laureates. 4 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared between three Laureates. Nobel Prize in economics gets Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E.Williamson jointly in this year. Elinor Ostrom received the prize for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons while Oliver E. Williamson received the prize for his contributions to the economic governance, emphasizing the boundaries of the firm and its role in conflict resolution and case bargaining. Objectives of the study: We are very interested about the novel prize that has been given on economics. Economics is one of the important issues for any country all over the world. As we are the student of business faculty we have to achieve vast knowledge on economics.A countries development basically depends on the prosperous economy. Moreover, we want to know about how economist of one country’s places their contribution in the development of the economy of the country. We also want to know how economist get novel prize on the economics. What contribution helps them to get the novel prize? After all as we are the students of business faculty we want to learn more about the economics. The main objective of the study is to know for what kinds of activities Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson get the novel prize in the year 2009.Novel Prize on Economics In 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, commonl y referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics is an award for outstanding contributions to the science of economics and is generally considered one of the most prestigious awards for that science. The official name is the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. It is not actually one of the Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel during 1895, but is commonly identified with them.The Prize in Economics, as it is referred to by the Nobel Foundation, was established and endowed by Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden's central bank, during 1968 on the Bank's 300th anniversary, in memory of Alfred Nobel's 1895 will. Like the Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics, Laureates in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences It was first awarded during 1969 to the Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch, â€Å"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes. † Funding of the PrizeAn endowment â€Å"in perpetuity† from Sveriges Riksbank pays the Nobel Foundation's administrative expenses associated with the prize and funds the monetary component of the award Since 2001, the monetary portion of the Prize in Economics has been 10  million Swedish kronor , equivalent to the amount given for the Nobel Prizes Since 2006, Sveriges Riksbank has given the Nobel Foundation an annual grant of 6. 5 million Swedish kronor. Relation to the Nobel Prize The nomination process, selection criteria, and awards presentation of the Prize in Economic Sciences are performed in a manner similar to that of the Nobel Prizes.The Prize is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences â€Å"in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will†, which stipulates that the prize is awarded annually to â€Å"those who †¦ shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind†. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is the only non-Nobel prize that has ever been associated officially with the Nobel Foundation. The next time a similar offer was made — an offer by Jakob von Uexkull, who subsequently established the Right Livelihood Award — the offer was declined.Award nomination and selection process: Announcement of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2008 According to its official website, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences â€Å"administers a researcher exchange with academies in other countries and publishes six scientific journals. Every year the Academy awards the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize and a number of other large prizes†.Each September the Academy's Economics Prize Committee, which consists of five elected members, â€Å"sends invitations to thousands of scientists, members of academies a nd university professors in numerous countries, asking them to nominate candidates for the Prize in Economics for the coming year. Members of the Academy and former laureates are also authorised to nominate candidates. † All proposals and their supporting evidence must be received before February 1. The proposals are reviewed by the Prize Committee and specially appointed experts. Before the end of September, the committee chooses potential laureates.If there is a tie, the chairman of the committee casts the deciding vote. Next, the potential laureates must be approved by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Members of the Ninth Class (the social sciences division) of the Academy vote in mid-October to determine the next laureate or laureates of the Prize in Economics. As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share the prize for a given year; they must still be living at the time of the Prize announcement in October; and information about Prize nominations can not be disclosed publicly for 50 years.With the Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature, each Laureate in Economics receives a diploma, gold medal, and monetary grant award document from the King of Sweden at the annual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, on December 10—the anniversary of Nobel's death The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009: The winners of the novel prize in 2009: | | Elinor Ostrom| Oliver E. Williamson| Elinor Ostrom: She got the novel prize for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons.Her work is much more in the realm of economics than I believe you give her credit for, regardless of whether economists have heard of her. She did work in the allocation of resources and how economic institutions and situations are formed. Her work is incredibly important in study. Understanding that The majority of economists just postulate the existence of economic institu tions and the matters of economic decision making and then study the behavior – without ever questioning where the institutions and units that permitted that behavior ever came from.Her work is helpful in explaining that because she gets away solely from the economic perspective and looks at it from what circumstances and how we as humans function allows us to set up those institutions. Anyone who has read Dr. Ostrom’s work knows that her research is (1) heavily informed by the micro theory work done on the themes that she studies, and (2) she pays a lot of attention to the details that define the interactions between the individuals under Those are, of course, two characteristics inherent in the best applied economics research done anywhere in the world (political science departments included).Her work is carefully crafted, pragmatic in the sense of not being driven by fixed ideas about how the world works, sophisticated (in a game theoretic sense) and most importantl y, very insightful in illuminating the issues she studies. Oliver E. Williamson: He got the novel prize for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm. His research was viewed as a hip, iconoclastic contribution to economics — something that was talked about by economist. What’s interesting is that in the ensuing 15 years, it seems that economists have talked less and less about Williamson’s research.It is also seemed that most assistant professors of economics have barely heard of him. Yet it is thought that the older generation of economists will applaud this choice. However most of the economics thinks that he was the appropriate person to get this prize. The Prize Amount The list below shows the Prize amount in Swedish kronor (SEK) through the years. The Prize amount for 2009 is set at Swedish kronor (SEK) 10 million per full Prize. YEAR| | PRISE AMOUNT | 2001|   | 10,000,000 | | 2002|   | 10,000,000 | | 2003|   | 10,000 ,000 | | 2004|   | 10,000,000 | | 2005|   | 10,000,000 | | 2006|   | 10,000,000 | | 007|   | 10,000,000 | | 2008|   | 10,000,000 | | 2009|   | 10,000,000| Nobel Prize for Economics 2009  Predictions: * MARK L. GERTLER Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA †¢ 2007-2008 Guggenheim Fellow and 2008 First Prize Award for Best Paper presented at the NBER’S International Seminar on Macroeconomics during its first 25 years Here are my comments for each of the fields. Behavioral Economics- I have read a bit of all the above except  Ernst Fehr. The Prize was given in 2002 for behavioral economics and I think giving another one in 2009 will be too early.And not having Thaler in the list for behavioral economics would be like awarding another award for International Trade without having Bhagwati on the list or  an award for environmental economics without having Nordhaus on the list. Moreover Rabin is just about 46 nowà ‚  and as per Nobel Prize winners’ age is too young for the award. But yes  whenever behavioral economics is awarded next, Rabin would be a strong contender. Environmental Economics- I have read very little about these two guys and environment economics in general. I have to read a lot more on this to comment anything.But yes see some recognition of the importance of the field soon. Till the committee does not award the field, it will always be in the prediction list. Monetary Economics- I have read quite a bit of John Taylor and if monetary economics is recognized, he would most likely get the award. His work on getting rules into monetary policy framework is quite a revolution. There are strong critiques of John Taylor but this is the case with much of economics. Gertler has written quite a few papers with Bernanke and is a leading proponent with Jordi Gali (see this) on New Keynesian Theory and DSGE Models.Given the current criticism on these models, I don’t think they will be awarded this time. So let’s wait for 12 October†¦. Ashok Chatterjee Says: September 11, 2009 at 5:40 pm Prof. Jagdish Bhagwati’scandidature for receiving this year’s Nobel Prize is not only overdue, but also it will be a fitting tribute to an economist whose contribution to the promotion of Globalization in Macroeconomics is unparalleled and unsurpassed. It would be a great pity if the Nobel Committee gets bogged down in an endless argument in stead of seeing the obvious giant among the great talents in Ecnomics Teddy Chabot Says:September 14, 2009 at 7:12 am I wouldn’t be surprised to see Jean Tirole win (with perhaps a few other folks given the committee’s recent track record) for his contributions to applied game theory in general and industrial organization in particular. The ’80s saw a veritable explosion in work in IO associated with game theory. In the last 10-15 years, we’ve seen a number of Nobels for game theory contributions, some of which involved more or less applied work. But we have yet to see anyone win for the massive insights that game theory provided to our understanding of competition among firms.Tirole is the most obvious candidate to be rewarded for those advances. YangC Says: September 14, 2009 at 11:57 am In the past couple of years, Hyperwage Theory has become controversial since it came out in 2005, because it has a specific solution to reducing poverty in the Third World countries. The only problem — the solution is one that is the opposite conventional wisdom. A few economics teachers are now giving the theory as basis for critiques. (I am a math major so I do not know one economic theory from the other, but the portion i’ve read makes sense to me. I think the Nobel should consider Hyperwage Theory at least. Ralph Byrns Says: October 9, 2009 at 5:39 pm Fehr, Rabin, and Thaler all deserve serious consideration. Their varied contributions in behavioral e conomics force us to rethink what economics has been (the study of decisionmaking and its consequences) versus economics as more narrowly focused on rational decisionmaking. If economics is defined, per the views of some scholars, as focused only on raional decisionmaking, then we are doomed to irrelevance in a world that is increasigly in need of multidisciplinary research. David Says: October 11, 2009 at 12:17 amIt is only a wishful thought, but I would be very happy if Tom Sargent wins the prize. Not only a great academic, but also a great person and teacher. Thanks. What This Year’s Nobel Prize in Economics Says about the Nobel Prize in Economics: By STEVEN D. LEVITT Earlier today, Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson were awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for their work on the role of institutions. Congratulations to both of them! When I was a graduate student at MIT back in the early 1990’s, there was a Nobel Prize betting pool every year. Three years in a row, Oliver Williamson was my choice.At the time, his research was viewed as a hip, iconoclastic contribution to economics — something that was talked about by economists, but those students was not actually trying to emulate (and probably would have been actively discouraged from had they tried to do so). What’s interesting is that in the ensuing 15 years, it seems to me that economists have talked less and less about Williamson’s research, at least in the circles in which I run. I suspect most assistant professors of economics have barely heard of him. Yet I suspect the older generation of economists will applaud this choice.The reaction of the economics community to Elinor Ostrom’s prize will likely be quite different. The reason? If you had done a poll of academic economists yesterday and asked who Elinor Ostrom was, or what she worked on, I doubt that more than one in five economists could have given you an answer. I personally would have failed the test . I had to look her up on Wikipedia, and even after reading the entry, I have no recollection of ever seeing or hearing her name mentioned by an economist. She is a political scientist, both by training and her career — one of the most decorated political scientists around.So the fact I have never heard of her reflects badly on me, and it also highlights just how substantial the boundaries between social science disciplines remain. So the short answer is that the economics profession is going to hate the prize going to Ostrom even more than Republicans hated the Peace prize going to Obama. Economists want this to be an economists’ prize (after all, economists are self-interested). This award demonstrates, in a way that no previous prize has, that the prize is moving toward a Nobel in Social Science, not a Nobel in economics. According to Eric A:Elinor Ostorm’s work is much more in the realm of economics than I believe you give her credit for, regardless of wheth er economists have heard of her. She did work in the allocation of resources and how economic institutions and situations are formed. Her work is incredibly important in understanding that. The majority of economists just postulate the existence of economic institutions and the matters of economic decision making and then study the behavior – without ever questioning where the institutions and units that permitted that behavior ever came from.Her work is helpful in explaining that because she gets away solely from the economic perspective and looks at it from what circumstances and how we as humans function allows us to set up those institutions. It’s a failure of economists to not recognize some of the implications for her work; not the failure of the Nobel committee for honoring her insights into â€Å"New Institutional Economics. † Also, take a look at yourself. You’ve won a Clark medal and most of your work could easily be classified as sociology.If y ou had a degree in sociology and did the same work, you could make the same case that the Clark medal is becoming a prize for â€Å"social sciences†; but because your degree is in economics it’s without notice. I’m curious though, were economists upset by the prize being awarded to Thomas Schelling whose most impressive work is arguably just political science with insights from economics and game theory? Or because he’s an economist by training and manner that his prize is still considered an â€Å"economics prize†?Perhaps the award will act as a wakeup call to economists – just because it’s not called â€Å"economics† doesn’t mean it’s not applicable to your field. The natural sciences figured this out decades ago when the fields started to converge upon one another (see: the line between areas like physical chemistry and physics) – perhaps economist needs to start looking at the advantageous of political science research when it is clearly applicable to their area of study, rather than just ignoring it.One of the reasons the natural sciences have seen an explosion in information and advancement in the 20th century is because of the breaking down of barriers between fields and using insights of other areas in a synthesis – economics should do the same where applicable in fields of political science, sociology, and psychology. According to Sebastian The people who feel the need to comment on Obama here should be ashamed: This is an amazing day for two highly original, fascinating scientists. Why can’t you talk about their work or shut up? And the Obama Nobel jokes were old on Saturday, already). I actually don’t think that economists are going to hate this quite as much as Levitt thinks. I think Krugman is right that this is a price for institutional economics and I think many people can relate to that, especially as it’s also timely – institutional economics is very good in addressing regulation – be it of CO2 emissions or of the financial system. Certainly no begrudging from Alex Tabarok at MR, Krugman on his Blog and Michael Spence at Forbes. Too bad you don’t say a little more of their work.Readers who want to learn something should go to MR, which has two fantastic short posts. CONCLUSION: In this year Nobel Prize in economics 2009 gets Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson jointly in this year. For her analysis of economic governance Elinor Ostorm gets the prize, especially the commons and Oliver E. Williamson received the prize for his contributions to the economic governance, emphasizing the boundaries of the firm and its role in conflict resolution and case bargaining. Many economist and critics has given their speech about the novel prize award of this year.Some of them criticize the novel committee for giving the prize of these two persons while others congratulate the prize winners as well as the nove l committee. Different people have different viewpoint but we think that Elinor Ostorm and Oliver E Williamson won the prize for their great contribution on the economic field. In the time of economic recession they analyzed economics governance and find out what are the reasons behind the economic recession. So we think that they received their prize for their great contribution in economics. References: Newspaper Magazine Articles on Novel prize in 2009 and Internet

Annie Dillard’s The Chase Essay

Annie Dillards seek, The Chase, uses troopsy rhetorical elements in the thesis to reach her interview any(prenominal) of these include parataxis, completion, and hyperbole. In the es produce Dillard states that The flower was that he had go after us passionately without giving up, and so he had caught us. This helps clarify the thesis as, childhood is a playful date and adults should maintain a playful spirit. The Chase is about the antecedent and her neighborhood friends throwing snow b altogethers at cars integrity winter day. The day was going easy and without trouble, no adults were bothering their fun, until someone hit a black Buick that was driving strike down the street.The hu slice in the car then halt the car and got out and started to succeed the children. The cosmoskind chased them through hedges, down streets, either backyard and block after block. At this point it was only Dillard and her friend Mikey rill from the valet because the other children w hen their separate ways. Eventually the worldly concern caught them because the children grew tired. The gay only said You monstrous kids. Dillard describes this statement as redundant, a unstained formality. Dillard believes the point of the chase was that the man chased them passionately, without giving up, and all he did was say those three words she will never for obtain.Dillard uses many rhetorical elements to help hack on the thesis, one of these is climax. She uses this element to keep a suspenseful mood for the referee deficient and waiting to see what happens next. An recitation of this in the story is when the black Buick was coming down the street and when the car makes it to them they unleash snowballs at the car.The example of climax in this scatter of the story is when the device driver starts to open the room access this is a climax because the lector is waiting to see what happens and starts petition questions in their leave uniform what is the driver going to do? is he going to hurt the kids or is he just going to bawl at them? some other example of climax occurs as the driver finally catches the kids on the top of the hill by their jackets. This is an example of climax because the author builds up the move by adding suspenseful phrases and because the reader is asking questions again such as is the driver going to hurt the children or is he going to bring them back to their parents. two examples help the audience comprehend Dillards thesis by conveying to the reader that adults should commence a much round-eyed spirit.Another rhetorical element that Dillard uses in her essay is hyperbole she uses this element to enlarge parts of the story to keep the reader interested. An example of this is when Dillard is talking about what would nurse happened if they ran all of the way to the Panama duct and what the man would tolerate done if the man caught them. Dillard says, He could have fried Mikey Fahey and me in boiling oil , say or dismembered us in piecemeal, or staked us to anthills.Another example of a hyperbole is If in that snowy backyard the driver of the black Buick had cut off our heads, Mikeys and mine, I would have died happy, for nothing has required so lots of me since as being chased all over Pittsburg in the middle of winterrunning terrified, exhaustedby this sainted, skinny, impetuous red headed man who wished to have a word with us. In this quote, Dillard is exaggerating the fact that the man would have cut off their heads and that she would have died happy because the man had committed to chase them all day, meanwhile, all the man wanted to do was scold them.Dillard also uses a third rhetorical element in her essay, parataxis. Dillard uses this to help her story by penning independent clauses to emphasize what she is writing. An example of this in Dillards essay is after Mikey and she get caught by the man. Dillard writes We three stood staggering, half blinded, coughing, in an ob scure hilltop backyard a man in his twenties, a boy, a girl. He had released our jackets, our pursuer, our captor our hero He knew we werent going anywhere.This helps in explaining the thesis that this grow was just like a playful game of tag between the man and the two friends. Another example of the rhetorical element is It was a long time before he could speak. I had some difficulty at first recalling wherefore we were there. My lips felt swollen I couldnt see out of the sides of my eyes I kept coughing. This example shows how tired they were from running around the community that almost seems like a childish game of tag, explaining the thesis.throughout The Chase, Dillard utilizes rhetorical elements that serve as a function. They help her convey meaning and occasion in her writing. Three examples that I raise evident were climax, hyperbole and parataxis. The use of all three of these elements made the story kindle and ultimately leads the reader to a best(p) understandin g of the thesis because it creates a more lifelike feel to the story by the reader being able to mention to it.

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

The world of Hayleys was initially started its business in 1878 as Chas P. Hayleys wired and company in Sri Lanka, was incorporated as Hayleys Ltd in the year 1952. Today it is known as the world of Hayelys with a globally competitive business portfolio spanning over 12 different sectors of enterprise. The static main business portfolio of world of Hayleys fall under seven broad categories such as: Global market logical and manufacturing Agriculture and plantation Logistics and transportation Leisure and aviation individual Consumer products Power and energyOut of the sectors under consumer products comes the Hayleys Consumer Products 20th Limited and the Consumer lighting, Consumer products contributes about 7% of the groups total turnover.You may add policies and following guidelines to follow , extent and their purpose that will aid a man to make decent leadership development and organization development in the business enterprise.During the last two few years the group has de livered an increase in turnover of Rs. . 1 bn from the previous financial year. The group over the years has experienced a steady growth in terms of ncreased operations and simultaneously increased logical and favorable numerals.Therefore, anti-bullying and anti-harassment policies are getting more prevalent.

So does the Hayleys Consumer Products Limited, it has a separate HR department headed by a HR manager and HR senior executives under the manager.Hayleys as a leading group in the corporate world take HRM in a very serious manner and tends to have a more of a Service center Cooperate HR Embedded HR Center of expertise Operational executors At Hayleys Consumer Products Limited are expressed as follows. 2. 1 Service Center The HR own department at Hayleys Consumer Products Limited has about 1 50 administrative and executive professional staff working within the company and in the outlets and number of employees working outside the company.Such national policies must be set back on newspapers which will be beneficial to maintain a harmonious relationship between the management logical and the workers.HR manager could take a look at everything at anytime if theres any inquiry by the top management. Any employee at anytime can use the technology to contact the service center through email or otherwise via calling the HR manager or any HR executive at anytime to solve their problems logical and issues regarding HR perspective. Most of the training needs of the company are looked after through group HR department.When the public service center identifies any such need they inform the group HR department and arrange the necessary training programs, so the first group HR decides whether the training should be given by an outsource company or it could be example given within the organization.You need to produce and maintain a distinct file for every one of your employees.

Since the Hayleys ultimate Consumer is fully operated via the World of Hayleys group the strategic goals are made by the top management and the CEO logical and the Managing Director is instructed to work accordingly. Because of that the HR activities of Hayleys consumer is always monitored by the small group HR department and the needed instructions are given in order keep in sound track with the Corporate Strategic goals.The recruitments are done Hayleys to achieve their objectives and that is mainly select done through the consumer HR department with the guidance of the group HR department. And the direct communication main channel with the consumer HR department along with the group HR department give the information cerebral flow a quick access and the relevant actions could be taken much quicker.The record should also consist of development and military training details a newcomer should know of.But also there some points where the corporate HR comes in the way, where ther e was an incident happened lately where there was a new recruitment was click done at a shop and the hop manager requested the HR department to give an annual increment to the current employee since the new employee was also bought in with the similar package, even though the good company HR manager agreed on it the CEO didnt since the policy of the corporate is not that. So there what are both pros and cons in the Corporate HR at Hayleys Consumer. 2. Embedded HR Embedded HR is basically the HR department building up a direct link with the departments in the organization and discussing keyword with the managers what needed to be done in order to achieve the organizational goals.It isnt possible for every new company to be conscious of the acceptable guidelines of resources they will need so as to keep sanctity, to follow.

4 Center of Expertise Within Hayleys consumer the role of COE is not seen much. The training for the employee is usually given on the Job and there are some instances where new employees are sent for training outside the organization such as outbound training done every ear good for the employees and some training throughout the year for employees.Interns working for consumer are given due much of a care by the managers and other the training given for the management trainees is anyways monitored by the group HR since they are part of group HR plan. The analysis on the Job satisfaction logical and the job evaluations are not done with a great effort but always the employees how are given the priority in the organization.Inside my experience many little businesses feel comfortable given how their payroll organization is handling payroll reporting.The business is a microfinance company.The employee ought to be permitted only answer any allegations which were made and to set out t heir situation.

Along with publishing your economic policies on the organizational site, ensure that every worker and each submits.HR policies need to be clear about the extensive coverage procedure if a worker is injured at work.HR policies arent apparent.Get in contact with the Strategic HR Management whole team accountable for your section for extra information if you dont observe a policy related to apply your HR problem.