Role of government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of government - Essay Example In the 19th century, the government had little concern about the economy of the country. The government only ensured that its people had sufficient food and basic necessities (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 84). However, current governments are concerned with the improvement of the economy. The government takes the responsibility of funding projects that will benefit the citizens an also generate income to the nation. Unlike the olden governments, the current government also invests in other nations so that the country has a larger income. The government facilitates international trade that has an economic benefit for the nation. The changes have come as a result of the economic competition between countries and the desire for development. The government protects the rights of all people regardless of their race or gender. Current governments are focused on gender and race equalities and hence the laws that are developed and enforced have a lot of respect for gender and race equality. This has come up as a result of modernization and evolvement of cultures. The government plays a vital role in enforcing rights and freedoms of its citizens. The governments of the 19th century favored the natives, but the situation has long changed due to the pressures for equality. The modern governments are very helpful in preparation for disasters and offer a lot of help when natural disasters hit (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 171). The current governments have implemented programs and set up departments that deal with natural disasters. Through such departments, the government is able to help its people during disasters. The situation was different during the 19 century since technology levels were low, and the government roles were not well defined. Programs such as the FEMA have been developed specifically to ply for the needs of the citizens during disasters. The government has made an improvement in its role in the medical and education sectors. In the past, the role

Verbal Art Essay Example for Free

Verbal Art Essay â€Å"All literacy practices can be considered creative.† Discuss.(2000 words)Prior to any discussion on the topic, it is imperative that the definitions for the key terms are given so as to ensure complete clarity.Literacy practices refers to â€Å"people’s everyday practices of producing and interacting with texts.† (Papen and Tusting, p312) This can include basic and tedious practices such as filling in forms, to more interesting practices such as writing a newspaper article, or composing a song perhaps.Creativity refers to â€Å"making something which is new, which did not exist before the creative act,† or â€Å"making something which is original, which is unlike things that have been made before. † (ibid, p.315) While the term is particularly fluid and open to different interpretations, this definition will suffice here for the purpose of this assignment.Although there are various approaches to the study of creativity – Carter (2004, cited in Maybin, p. 414) coined the term inherency model for creativity relating to the â€Å"formal aspects of language as an abstract system of sounds, grammar and meaning† – for the purpose of this paper, Carter’s second identified approach to understanding creativity in language – the sociocultural model – will be utilised. In this model, creativity in language is seen as determined to a greater or lesser degree, by social, cultural and historical factors.Studying specified texts and drawing out elements of creativity, in for an example a poem, is a specific task with a specific purpose, and is generally something pupils may do in school, but the real creativity, as highlighted by Camitta (Papen and Tusting: Reading A), is the collaborated effort to create a poem, song or rap purely for personal reasons.In her case study over three years at a Philadelphia high school, Camitta studied varieties of literacy among students who believed that â€Å"writing is central to transacting social relationships,, to making meaning out of their lives, and that the act of writing signals that the truth is being told about them.† (Camitta, cited in Papen and Tusting, p332) For them writing was an active form of self-expression, much similar to music, dance, and drawing. The types of texts they produced were vernacular – unofficial and closely related to culture, and as such, collaboration and performance were central processes to producing the texts. The author, in his/her free time, would read out or perform their text – be it rap, song, poem, letter – to an audience, who  would then collaborate and suggest changes. This highlights the author’s creativity in the first instance, but also the creativity of the audience. As is evident, this is quite different to the classroom setting, as these are texts that the collaborators can make suggestions about for changes which will actually lead to amendments, as opposed to commenting on set-in-stone texts. Context is an important factor in creating creative literacy practices. Camitta’s study focused on pupils who were constrained to a degree by the need to be in certain places at certain times, and hence had to fit their writing around that, but there are people who are much more constrained, and in that sense, their creativity is much more astounding. Wilson’s research focused on prisoners’ use of creativity. While the Philadelphia high school students used language as a form of self-expression, and also for play and innate creativity, Wilson states that â€Å"the vast majority of innovation in the prison setting is used not for play, humour or dalliance, but in order to â€Å"keep your mind† †¦ â€Å"and to encourage a sense of mental agility in a world designed to reduce everything and everyone to conformity and orthodoxy.† (Wilson Papen and Tusting, Reading B, p.341)Wilson goes on to highlight an important factor, that creativity and language are situated and contextualised by the environments, spaces, times and cultures in which they are located. In the case of the prisoners, their creativity was evident in the spatial and material forms as well. Spatially the prisoners formed a â€Å"third space† for themselves, which was separate from the prison and the â€Å"outside,† in which to â€Å"live† out their sentence. (Wilson, 1999, p.20) In terms of material creativity, Wilson gives examples of pressing mugs against heating pipes, using the toilet bowl for communication, hiding notes inside tennis balls, and â€Å"swinging lines.† (Wilson, Reading B, in Papen and Tusting, p.344) In terms of creativity in literacy practices, prisoners write letters, poems and raps, in a sense similar to the high school pupils. The difference here is that their literacy practices are a result of the â€Å"third space,† i.e. to retain a sense of individual identity and a â€Å"desire and need to maintain a sense of self agent and not just as subject to other people’s desires and rules.† (Papen and Tusting, p.322).â€Å"The possibilities associated with a setting do not determine what is created within any given context; but they do shape what is possible.† (Papen and Tusting, p.320) With this in mind, the reader’s  attention is not turned to a different type of affordances and constraints â₠¬â€œ that relating to new technologies.Bodomo and Lee (2002, cited in Papen and Tusting, p.323) claim that new forms of language and literacy emerge from the introduction of new communicative tools and media,† which in turn give way to the introduction of techno jargon, literary jargon and new types of digital literacies. The literacy practices associated with new technologies can be categorised into two concepts of creativity as outlined by Kress (2003, p.36). The first is the concept of ‘transformation’, which is the way â€Å"the producer of a text can alter and adapt the forms of signs within a mode in relation to their needs and interests† (Kress, cited in Papen and Tusting, p.323). This can be found in modern literacy practices such as emailing or texting. The use of emoticons is an altering and adapting of signs to create a new meaning in a situation where the texter/emailer is constrained by the symbols available to him via the keyboard/keypad, for example, when a colon and a closed bracket are put together thus: : ) they produce: ï Å  a smiley face.Kress’ second concept is that of ‘transduction’ which â€Å"refers to the moving of ‘semiotic material’ across modes, where meaning that was originally configured in one (or several) modes is moved across to a different one† (Kress, cited in Papen and Tusting, p.323). Papen and Tusting cite the example of the students in Reading A, who â€Å"performed† the poems they wrote, changing from the written to the oral mode. Another very clear example is that of online chatting. Friends usually make plans to meet up in the evening at the local McDonalds for example, but now via internet chat rooms and other forms of internet relay chat (e.g. MSN, Skype), friends can virtually meet up with each other while individually remaining in their own homes. Speech becomes writing, and in many cases still has the feeling of verbal communication, for example with the use of certain greeting words, acronyms, code switching, etc. The author’ has her own experiences of transduction as three of her brothers live abroad and her main communication with them, although previously was via face-to-face or telephone conversations, is now via computer-mediated-conversations. It becomes immediately apparent to her if one of their spouses is pretending to be a brothe r and is chatting to her from their use of language and the individual creativity inherent in it. Although the examples above highlight literacy practices that are constrained through the medium (for  example, the limited number of symbols on a keyboard/keypad), new technology also offers many affordances for the user. In the practice of ‘blogging,’ â€Å"blogs can include visual and other material, producing a kind of virtual scrapbook† (Maybin, p.266), thus drawing on the affordances offered by the Internet. Maybin comments on the dialogic nature of blogging (page 269); in the blog ‘The Story of an Aspiring Romance Writer’, the author’s posts are answered by other ‘bloggers’, who discuss the points raised and provide support and feedback for the author. One act of creativity present in this type of feedback and response is â€Å"the dialogic construction of the self† (Maybin, p.269), which is â€Å"the shaping of self in the course of responding to others† (ibid). Collaboration – discussed previously in the paper plays an important role in this particular literacy practice. Creativity also exists in the chosen medium of a literacy practice; for instance, advertising in Katutura is written on whatever material is to hand, whether it is wood, cardboard or on the wall of a house. Papen notes â€Å"creativity here has a material aspect† (p.352); this is clearly evident in Colour Figure 10, which is an example of heteroglossic diversity; this sign contains not only a multitude of voices, but also a multitude of genres. The phrase â€Å"Just find me here anytime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is deliberately informal, even friendly in nature. It implies that the owner is an easygoing person, ready to help whenever is most convenient for his customer. This contrasts with the final line, â€Å"Thank you so much for your cooperation†, which adopts a typically business-like ‘official’ voice. Papen sees this sign as containing â€Å"a bricolage of genres and registers† (p.352) that is the result of â€Å"some careful thinking and creative approp riation of a new language† (ibid). There may be some parts of speech, or literacy practices, which are seen as creative â€Å"in the moment†, but perhaps not deemed creative later on, because there is no knowledge of what went before or after or the context. (Maybin, p.415). A poignant example of this is the author’s mother who came to England from India in her teens with very little knowledge of English, verbal or written. A very clear memory remains of shopping lists on the fridge door. In terms of â€Å"material creativity,† as discussed previously, the shopping list is not at all Indian in nature, and most people in India probably do not write them, but having come to England, the author’s mother was creative in that she adopted this simple practice for herself.  Furthermore, bearing in mind her little knowledge of English, instead of writing in her mother-tongue Gujarati, she would write in English, in her Indian scroll, spelling items the way she heard them: shugr, bred, weetbiks, e tc. The statement at the heart of this paper was: â€Å"All literacy practices can be considered creative.† The approach taken to explore this was the sociocultural model which allowed certain aspects to have a bearing on literacy practices, such as collaboration, performance, context, transformation, and transduction, highlighting that cultural and social change have caused creativity within literacy practices, but it would be a gross misjudgement here to fail to acknowledge that writing and literacy are also causal factors in the process of social change.Crystal distinguished between amateur and ‘professional’ users and uses of playful language. Amateur creativity is in the form of everyday language in riddles, jokes, limericks, playful uses of accents and dialects, nonce words in popular songs and sayings, while ‘professional’ creativity refers to language play in the work of headline and advertising copy-writers, professional collectors of ludic langu age, comedians and writers of humorous texts. (Crystal, in Carter, R. p.72) Regardless of which of these a literacy practice fits in to, as Papen and Tusting highlight: â€Å"There is an argument that all meaning-making processes have a creative element† (p.315). Furthermore, if one thinks about â€Å"language as [†¦] a system that is constantly created and re-created, changed and adapted, then creativity even at this level turns into a normal event.† (Papen and Tusting, p.324)Hence, as a final note, one may state, that every literacy practice, whether for personal pleasure, or for needs, in open and also restricted contexts, to more or lesser degrees are indeed creative.. Bibliography †¢ Carter, R. (2004), Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk, London Routledge.†¢ Kress, G. (2003), Literacy in the New Media Age, London and New York Routledge,†¢ Maybin, J. (2006) â€Å"Locating Creativity in texts and practices† in Maybin, J Swann, J. (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity, Palgrave Macmillan, The Open University. †¢ Maybin, J. (2006), â€Å"Writing the self† in Maybin, J Swann, J. (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity, Palgrave Macmillan, The Open University. †¢ Maybin, J. Swann, J. (eds) (2006), The Art of English: Everyday Creativity, Palgrave Macmillan, The Open University.†¢ Wilson, A. (1999), â€Å"Researching in the  third space – locating, claiming and valuing the research domain,† in S. Goodman, T. Lillis, J. Maybin and N. Mercer (eds), Language, Literacy and Education: A Reader, London, Trentham.

Global Marketing In Contrast With Local Marketing Marketing Essay

Global Marketing In Contrast With Local Marketing Marketing Essay This report analyse the concept of global marketing in contrast with local marketing, examined with the help of different scholars of all time. It has also been advocated that a new concept of glocal marketing has now prevail in the global scenario to comprehend different markets of the world. There are certain issues and challenges companies face when going global which has been explained with the help of contextual determinants of international marketing explained by the renowned theorist of marketing called Porter and Kotler. The determinants are political stability, government policy, ideology driven economy, fear of colonialism, marketing transfer issues, and lack of infrastructure, north-south dichotomy, east-west dichotomy, and product life cycles. There are certain entry modes or global marketing strategies through which companies can do international and global business, like exporting, licensing, franchising, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. However, the greater the investment the more would be the control and risk. It has been also analysed that franchising appeared to be the most successful means of doing business internationally, which has also been advocated by the case study of McDonalds. The 4Ps of marketing which has been the basis of many marketing plans previously, has now become 7Ps of marketing, that is, product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physicals, the case of McDonalds operating in Saudia Arabia has been analysed according to that. Hence, it has been concluded that companies that are going global cannot treat the whole world as one homogenous market as there are many different cultures, circumstances and characteristics in the world. Therefore the concept of glocal marketing is more feasible to be adopted when going global. INTRODUCTION Global marketing, the most profound change is the orientation of the company toward markets and associated planning activities. At this stage, companies treat the world, including their home market, as one market. Market segmentation decisions are no longer focused on national borders. Instead, market segments are defined by the income levels, usage patterns, or other factors that often span countries and regions. (Cateora and Graham, 2005:312) Keegan (1989:11) mentions two motives for the globalisation of marketing activities. One is to take advantage of opportunities for growth and expansion, and the other is survival. Companies that fail to pursue global opportunities will eventually lose their domestic markets, since they may be pushed aside by stronger and more competitive global competitors. Dahinger and Muhlbacher (1991:5) state that a global approach allows companies to achieve a concentration and coordination of marketing activities, which stimulates the companies effort for globalisation. Sevesson (2002:574-583) extracted from Lamont (1996), he argues that global marketing expresses initiatives to find new markets, segments, niches; the development of buying and selling opportunities; and of marketing across international boundaries. The globalisation of marketing activities includes specific tasks such as the organisation of worldwide efforts, the research of domestic and foreign markets, the finding of new partn ers, the purchasing of comprehensive support services and the managing of the cost of international transactions (Sevesson, 2002:574-583). Johansson (2000:6) describes global marketing as the integration that can involve standardised products, uniform packaging, identical brand names, synchronised product introductions, similar advertising messages or coordinated sales campaigns across markets in several countries. This report undergoes with the issues, challenges and strategy of global marketing along with the international marketing mix of McDonalds, followed by some recommendations to end with. METHODOLOGY An exploratory form of research has been carried out and the data has been collected from the secondary sources, that is, through journals, articles and books. However, the analysis has been done in a vivid, analytical and logical way. LITERATURE REVIEW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBAL AND LOCAL MARKETING: Keegan and Green (2000:2) state that one difference between regular marketing and global marketing is the scope of activities. Another difference is that global marketing involves an understanding of concept and strategies that should be applied in conjunction with universal marketing issues to ensure a global marketing success. Whereas, local and domestic marketing strive exclusively to maximise adaptation, tailoring, differences, concentration, independence, flexibility and separation of marketing activities within market frontiers. A local or domestic related marketing strategy recognises the necessity to consider locally-related issues in the performance of marketing activities in the market place. An international marketing strategy is the widening of local or domestic marketing strategy that is applicable beyond the home markets frontiers while global marketing strategy refers to marketing activities towards a wide selection of foreign markets (Sevensson, 2002:574-583). Johansson (2000:2-6) states that there are four factors that influence companies to strive towards the globalisation of marketing, namely the categories of market, competition, cost and government. These factors are often referred to as the four major globalisation drivers. Originally, Yip (1989:23-63) discusses and classifies the globalisation drivers thus: Market drivers consisting of homogenous needs, global customers, global channels and transferable marketing; Cost drivers categorized as economies of scale and scope, learning and experience, sourcing efficiencies, favourable logistics, differences in country cost and skills, and product development costs; Competitive drivers consisting of the interdependence between countries and the competitors that globalise or might globalise; Government drivers classified as favourable trade policies, compatible technical standards and common marketing regulations. Usually, most marketing activities have to be adapted to local conditions, characteristics and circumstances in the market place. Therefore, it is not suitable to apply a global marketing strategy, since locally related issues of the marketing activities normally have to be taken into consideration in the market place. Daft (2000:2) states that: we must remember we do not do business in markets; we do business in societies..in our future, we will succeed because we will also understand and appeal to local differences. The twenty-first century demands nothing less Therefore, the concept of glocal marketing is introduced to be a compromise, which in part reflects the aspirations of a pure global marketing strategy, while the necessity of locally related issues of marketing activities is simultaneously recognised (Svensson, 2002:574-583). For example, McDonald modifies its traditional Big Mac in India, where it is known as the Maharaja Mac. This burger features two mutton patties because most Indians consider cows sacred and dont eat beef (Cateora and Graham, 2005:56-178). Similarly, the McDonalds restaurants which are operating in the Muslim countries use halal meat. In the same way, McDonalds standardises its processes, logo, most of its advertising, store decor and layouts whenever and wherever possible. However, you will find wine on the menu in France and beer in Germany, a Filipino-style spicy burger in Manila and pork burgers in Thailand-all to accommodate local tastes and customs. The point is, being global is a mindset, a way of looking at the market (Cateora and Graham, 2005:56-178). Thus, glocal marketing make every effort on the way to optimise the steadiness as well as the harmony of the focal organisations marketing conduct on functioning, tactical, and strategic points in terms of standardisation in opposition to adaptation, homogenisation in opposition to tailoring, similarity in opposition to dissimilarity, focus in opposition to dispersion, reliance in opposition to autonomy, synchronisation in opposition to suppleness and integration in opposition to division. THE GLOBAL MARKETING STRATEGIES: There are certain global marketing strategies which can be opted by the organisations in order to prevail in the global scenario. But, before making any choice, the analysis of the market is a vital issue which includes market characteristics (such as potential sales, strategic importance, cultural differences and country restrictions), companys capabilities and characteristics. There are numerous examples of organisations who have simply either imitated other companies or came up with extremely new strategy to enter into the global scenario. The decision of going global mainly depends upon companys capabilities and the market characteristics in order to make an effort to develop a market or to maintain its position permanently. There are different ways which can be adopted by the companies in order to do global marketing, likely, exporting, contractual agreements, strategic alliances and direct foreign investments. Some modes of entering the market are more risk aversive but constit ute more control as well. Firms that are beginning to internationalize and multinational companies that are expanding in nations outside their home base are both faced with the challenge of choosing the best structural arrangement. Four major alternatives are exporting, licensing, joint ventures, and wholly-owned subsidiaries (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). EXPORTING: Exporting can be either direct or indirect. With direct exporting the company sells to a customer in another country (Cateora and Graham, 2005:312-528). Exporting differs from the other modes in that a companys final or intermediate product is manufactured outside the target country and subsequently transferred to it. Indirect exporting uses intermediaries who are located in the companys home country and who take responsibility to ship and market the products. With direct exporting the producer firm does not use home country middlemen, although it may utilize target country intermediaries. This is the most common approach employed by companies taking their first international step because the risks of financial loss can be minimised. The Internet is becoming increasingly important as foreign market entry method. Initially, internet marketing focused on domestic sales, but later on a concept of international internet marketing was developed when companies got orders from other countri es. Today lots of companies are entering into the circle of making their own websites, which indeed has created a competitive advantage overall. Such firms can be called accidental exporters (Michael and Ilkka, 2003:224). Apart from that there are different intermediaries which serve as a major change agent to encourage companies towards exports. Like, chambers of commerce and other business associations that interact with firms locally that can frequently heighten international marketing interests. Similarly, Government efforts both on the national or local level can also serve as a major change agent. In the same way, there are other governmental entities that are actively encouraging firms to participate in the international market. In addition to it, there are many Export Management Companies operating in the domestic markets that specialise in performing international marketing services. They either take the title to the goods or operate internationally on their own account, or they perform services as agents (Cateora and Graham, 2005:398-528) and (Michael and Ilkka, 2003: 224). Another major intermediary is the trading company. The concept was originated by the European trading houses such as the Fuggers and was soon formalised by the monarchs. Today, the most famous trading companies are the sogoshosha of Japan. These general trading companies play a unique role in world commerce by importing, exporting, countertrading, investing and manufacturing. Because of their vast size, they can benefit from economies of scale and perform their operations at very low profit margins (Michael and Ilkka, 2003:224-245). CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENTS: Contractual Agreements are long-term, non-equity associations between a company and another in a foreign market. Contractual agreements generally involve the transfer of technology, processes, trademarks or human skills. In short, they serve as a means of transfer of knowledge rather than equity (Cateora and Graham, 2005:434-450). Licensing is non-equity, contractual mode with one or more local partner firms. A company transfers to a foreign organization the right to use some or all of the following property: patents, trademarks, company name, technology, and/or business methods. The licensee pays an initial fee and/or percentage of sales to the licensor (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). The advantages of licensing are more apparent when capital is scarce, import restrictions forbid other means of entry, a country is sensitive to foreign ownership, or it is necessary to protect patents and trademarks against cancellation for non-use (Cateora and Graham, 2005:434-450). Franchising is a rapidly growing form of licensing in which the franchisor provides a standard package of products, systems and management services, whereas the franchisee provides market knowledge, capital and personal involvement in management. The combination of skills permits flexibility in dealing with local market conditions and yet provides the parent firm with a reasonable degree of control (Cateora and Graham, 2005:434-450). The emblematic reasons in support of the international growth of franchise systems are market potential, financial increase as well as the saturation of domestic markets. Apart from all the compensation of franchising it has a number of disadvantages as well likely, the affirmation of assets from the franchisee point of view. An added apprehension is the level of standardisation seeing as the adjustments are essential in several conditions like McDonalds has developed non-beef burgers to cater the customers in India since cows are treated as sacred in th eir culture. To encourage better organised and more successful growth many companies turn to the master franchising system, wherein foreign partners are selected and awarded the rights to a large territory in which they in turn can sub franchise. As a result, the franchiser gains market expertise and an effective screening mechanism for new franchises, without incurring costly mistakes (Michael and Ilkka, 2003:224-272). Despite provisional setbacks at some stage in the worldwide economic slump right after the twirl of the millennium, franchising is still expected to be the greatest growing market way in strategy. For instance, McDonalds first store in Moscow had seven hundred seating arrangements and twenty seven cash registers. Joint Ventures is differentiated from other types of strategic alliances or collaborative relationships, in that a joint venture is a partnership of two or more participating companies that join forces to create a separate legal entry. McGraw-Hill explained that there are four factors associated with joint ventures which are appended below: Joint ventures are established, separate, legal entities. They acknowledge intent by the partners to share in the management of the joint ventures. They are partnerships between legally incorporated entities such as companies, chartered organisations, or governments and not between individuals. Equity positions are held by each of the partners. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries Wholly-owned operations are subsidiaries in another nation in which the parent company has full ownership and sole responsibility for the management of the operation (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). These global marketing strategies may be differentiated according to three characteristics of the modes that have been identified (Woodcock, 1994:253-274): 1 quantity of resource commitment required; 2 amount of control; 3 level of technology risk. Resource commitments are the dedicated assets that cannot be employed for other uses without incurring costs. Resources may be intangible, such as managerial skills, or tangible, such as machines and money. The amount of required resources varies dramatically with the entry mode, ranging from almost none with indirect exporting, to minimal training costs in licensing, to extensive investments in facilities and human resources in wholly-owned subsidiaries (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). Control is the ability and willingness of a firm to influence decisions, systems, and methods in foreign markets. In a franchise type of licensing agreement, control over the operations is granted to the franchisee in exchange for some type of payment and for the promise to abide by the terms of the contract. Thus, the licensor has little direct control. In a joint venture control is shared formally according to level of ownership, as when equity ownership over 50 percent gives one of the partners the largest number of directors on the board. However, informal control mechanisms may also be exerted as when one partner possesses and uses knowledge and information that the other lacks. Wholly-owned subsidiaries are attractive to many companies because this mode enables the MNC to exert the most control in decision-making. Technology risk is a third parameter of decision-making. This concept can be defined as the potential that a firms applied knowledge (tangible and/or intangible) will be unintentionally transferred to a local firm. In a licensing agreement, the risk of the licensee reproducing and using the licensors technology in the future is fairly high. Joint venture partners may also learn and acquire unspecified elements of the other firms technology in the context of their partnership. Technology risk is probably lowest in a wholly-owned subsidiary, since the operations are under the control of only one firm (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). Resource commitment, control, and technology risk are highly correlated. For example, as implied above, increased control leads to lower technology risk. Yet, control also requires increased resource commitment. Some researchers have argued that the entry mode decision consists mainly of determining the levels of resource commitment, control, and technology risk that the international entrant desires or can accept. Since each mode has a certain level of each factor, the entry decision can seem clear cut (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). In practice, the entry mode decision is highly complex. Besides the previously discussed qualities of each mode, there are a host of target market factors and within company factors that may affect decision making. Certain antecedent conditions affect whether to use, say, a high control mode or a method that requires few resources (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). MARKETING MIX STRATEGIES: Standardization proponent argued that the world and the people living in it have similar wants and needs as it has become one homogenous market due to the intervention of international media specifically the television broadcasting, which has ultimately change the whole global scenario and made it to stand on common characteristics, circumstances, needs and wants. Champions of localization argue that the proponents of standardisation had based their theory on faulty assumption, that it says the world has become a homogenous market, which is not true as the standardisation proponents have overlooked the cultural differences between the countries which ultimately play a vital role in consumer behaviour regardless of the fact of expansion of media globally. The study of Vignali (2001:97-111) extracted some work of Ohmae (1989) which states that: Large companies must become more global if they hope to compete. They must change from companies that treat their foreign operations as secondary, to companies that view the entire world as a single borderless market. Similarly, Vignali (2001:97-111) also extracted Czinkota and Ronnenken (1995) who believed that: Altering and adjusting the marketing mix determinants are essential and vital to suit local tastes, meet special needs and consumers non-identical requirements. The debate between these two school of thoughts are still on but most of the scholars advocates regional segmentation strategy that the practice of market segmentation in domestic markets is a clear indicator of the ineffectiveness of treating the whole world as a homogeneous market, as significant tool when entering global. Regional market segmentation examines homogeneous segments, those with similar demand functions, across world markets. Assessing the similarities and differences between consumers across markets, this strategy achieves the advantages of both standardization and localization (Vignali 2001:97-111). FINDINGS ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL MARKETING There are certain contextual determinants Porter (1986) and Kotler (1991) which are the issues and challenges organisations face that ultimately shape the marketing practices between countries (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001. 16-29). CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETING In view of the fact that there are huge literatures in black and white on these determinants, consequently rather than going into detail few points would be discussed which results as a challenge or create issues for the organisations when going global. The first four determinants (political stability, government policy, ideology-driven economy, and fear of colonialism) are more responsible for the prescription of multi domestic marketing practices; therefore, there exists more anecdotal and trade literature and less academic research on them. This includes such managerial decisions as selection of countries with which to do business and specific entry strategies. Most of this has required the understanding and utilization of what has been recently referred to as the fifth P of marketing (politics and public relations). Unfortunately, there is very little theoretical foundation underlying these determinants, partly because international marketing has not borrowed constructs and theories from the social sciences, including political science. Instead it has relied on the framework provided in international business literature, wherein barriers to conducting international business have received considerable attention. However, much of it is based on simply the environmental and policy differences across countries and its consequential impact on the choice of market entry modes and operating strategies (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). The next three determinants (marketing transfer issues, lack of infrastructure, and North-South dichotomy) need a little more description. Marketing transfer issues relate to the operational challenges of product, price, distribution, and promotion adjustments across national boundaries due to divergence in support and core value chain activities including materials, people, processes and facilities. Its purpose is to understand what market factors, including consumer differences and unavailability of marketing institutions, would pose difficulties to the multinational firm in transferring its successful international marketing programs to other countries (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). The lack of infrastructure refers to inadequate availability of transportation, communications, physical, financial, natural, and human resources, especially in emerging markets. This lack of infrastructure impacts the adjustment process for the marketing mix as well as the implementation of the marketing program in foreign countries. Finally, the North-South dichotomy refers to the have and have-not countries of the world and is a direct reflection of the traditional economic development theories and their importance to international marketing practices. Academic research related to these three determinants is moderately rich and seems to be grounded in the theories of economic development, logistics and public policy (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). Finally, most of the academic research in international marketing has been focused on the last two determinants: East-West dichotomy and product life cycles. The first refers to the cultural differences between nations at both a macro and a micro level of understanding and explanation. The second refers to the birth and death theories of product life cycles as they move across national boundaries (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). Likely, McDonald is on different PLC in the US and Japan (Vignali, 2001:103). THE MARKETING MIX:CASE OF MCDONALDS The concept of marketing mix, the 4Ps, the product, the price, the promotion and the place has been formulated by McCarthy (1975) as extracted by Vignali (2001:97-111) and for many years the marketing plans of enormous companies have been established according to this concept but in 1996 Fifield and Gilligan added- process, physical and people as major aspects of marketing mix and make it to 7Ps of marketing which includes the following: (Vignali 2001:97-111) Product- features, quality and quantity. Place- location and number of outlets. Price- strategy, determinants and levels. Promotion- advertising, sales promotion and public relations. People- quantity, quality, training and promotion. Process- blueprinting, automation and control procedures. Physical- cleanliness, decor and ambience of the service. The following case study of McDonalds advocates that how it has achieved a competitive advantage in the market of Saudia Arabia and how it has implemented its international marketing mix. The marketing mix of McDonalds will be examined according to the above mentioned 7Ps. OVERVIEW OF MCDONALDS: McDonalds was founded in 1937 by the two brothers called Richard McDonald and Maurice McDonald in Pasadena, California. They introduced for the first time the drive-in restaurant techniques. Later on, Ray Kroc after seeing an opportunity in this business offered a McDonalds franchise for $950. In 1961, the McDonalds brothers sold it for $2.7 million. In 1967, the first international venture of McDonalds took place in Canada. Right after that, George Cohon after buying the licence of McDonalds opened his first restaurant in 1968 and ended up in building a network of 640 restaurants. Franchising has been the key of international success for McDonalds. McDonalds now operating in more than 100 countries with over 20,000 restaurants of which most of them are franchises (Vignali, 2001:97-111). In 1993, Riyadh International Catering Corporation (RICC) acquired the McDonalds franchise by which the 100% Saudi company owns and operates all McDonalds restaurants in the Central, Eastern and Northern regions of the Kingdom. Since establishing the first restaurant in Al Riyadh, RICC (McDonalds KSA) has been an active player in the local community and a solid supporter of its economy; sourcing around 80% of its supplies from local and regional suppliers in the Arab world. Recognizing the strength of the Saudi manpower, and translating its commitment towards the local community, RICC strived hard to increase the number of Saudi employees in its workforce. Today, the company is proud that around 25% of its employees are Saudi nationals (www.mcdonaldsarabia.com/index). PRODUCT: McDonalds is among those organisations which has successfully implemented both the global and local marketing strategy in terms of their products. That is, by keeping standardised procedures in producing their products all over the world, while only changing or adapting the contents of the products according to the countries in which it is operating. Irrespective of variations and recent additions, the structure of the McDonalds menu remains essentially uniforms the world over: main course burger/sandwich, fries and drink, however, the contents of the burger may vary according to the scenarios in which they are operating. The thin and elongated fries cut from russet potatoes is the signature feature of McDonalds which is consumed all over the world irrespective of any religious belief or political views (Vignali, 2001:97-111). The main aim of McDonalds is to create products which has standardised or uniformed taste all over the world, but there are times when McDonalds also adapted and changed its items because of religious laws, customs and rituals (Vignali, 2001:97-111). For instance, McDonalds operating in Saudia Arabia has adjusted their menus according to the local religious laws and customs. Like, McArabi Chicken Burger has been introduced, which suits the tastes of the people living in Saudia Arabia. In addition to it, McDonalds KSA, as well as McDonalds across all the Middle East countries served only 100% pure Halal prime cut beef and 100% pure Halal chicken from chicken breast meat with no additives and no fillers. McDonalds also serves the highest quality fries that are Halal and cooked only in 100% vegetable oil without any additives or flavours. Moreover, the Halal certificates which prevail in their market for McDonalds are called Braslo Beef, Braslo Chicken and Lamb Weston Fries (www.mcdonal dsarabia.com/index). Quality, since McDonalds has prevailed in every market with a similar aim that is the standardisation of its procedures, therefore, to maintain that regular inspections takes place either announced or unannounced in order to check the procedures according to different dimensions including the right quantity of contents to be used. This is a global practice of McDonalds which it has remarkably maintained all over the world and over a number of years (Vignali, 2001:97-111). Similarly, in Saudia Arabia it has launched the Open Door program as part of its initiatives that aim at educating customers about its food quality. The program offers the public the opportunity to tour McDonalds kitchen and take a close look at the high quality, safety and cleanliness measures that are implemented while preparing McDonalds food with an aim of High Quality Is Our Standard (www.mcdonaldsarabia.com/index). Nutrition, all McDonalds meals are rich with the various nutrients needed by your body including proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. In addition, McDonalds Happy Meals provide a great nutrient package for kids. The meals are an excellent or good source of nine or more nutrients, depending on which Happy Meal combination you choose. These include: Protein, fiber, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, and C, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and copper. The nutrient values available on our tray liners and on our nutrition booklets are transparently provided to assist our customers with their selections at McDonalds restaurants in Saudia Arabia. (www.mcdonaldsarabia.com/index) Products Calories Total Fat (g) Carbohydrates (g) Protein (g) Beefburger 254 9 31 13 Cheeseburger 299 13 31 16 Quarter Pounder with Cheese 530 30 38 28 Big Mac 500 26 42 26 McRoyale 540 31 <

Clockwork Orange :: essays research papers

The movie A Clockwork Orange takes place in the future of London. Anthony Burgess originally wrote it. Later on made into a movie, and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The movie is to represent ultra-violence and how there is no scientific cure yet. The social context is very violent in the beginning showing scenes of rape and assault. The movie shows a violent killer and rapist, and an attempt to cure him that fails. The author of A Clockwork Orange is Anthony Burgess, also went by the name Joseph Kell. He was born on February 25, 1917, in Manchester. His family was middle class, and their religious background was Catholic. His family life was not easy. His father was a cashier and piano player. His mother died of the flu in 1919, two years after he was born. So with his mother gone and his father not doing to great financially, his maternal aunt then raised him. His stepmother then raised him. Despite the many changes in where he was living, he always was good in school. He continued his studies at Xaverian College and Manchester University. When in college he studied the English language, and literature. He finished school in 1940, which was right around World War II. So he now had to serve at the Royal Army Medical corps. He fell in love and got married in 1942, to an alcoholic named llwela Isherwood, who passed away in 1968 due to alcohol. Burgess was released from the medical corp. around 1945, and then started teaching. He held down to jobs from 1946 to 1950. The jobs were a college professor at Birmingham University and a teacher at Banbury Grammar School. He was not writing that much at this point, only studying music. Anthony Burgess completed his first novel in 1949, although it was finished, it was not published until 1965. In 1954 he was an education officer, he then wrote a trilogy. This trilogy included Time for a Tiger, The Enemy in the Blanket, and Beds in the East.

Glutinous Rice and Cocoa Powder

Tricia Bugarin Katruz Albano BUS 100 15 Aug 2011 Champorado: The Breakfast of Champions Champorado is a Filipino chocolate cereal made with sweet sticky rice much like the kind of rice you would use to make sushi. Filipinos consider this as the oatmeal or porridge that people eat in the morning. Champorado is considered to be the breakfast of champions because this type of food is cooked with cocoa powder and mixed with sugar which is guaranteed to give you an amazing burst of energy for a long period of time.Champorado originated back when the Spaniards colonized the Philippines in the late 1500’s during their galleon trades where Spanish ships sailed twice a year across the Pacific Ocean between the Philippines and Acapulco. A lot of the trades consist of silk, ceramics, and spices, and because of the frequent sailing, a lot of the Spaniards decided to stay in the Philippines bringing with them their familiarity of making Champorado. Over the century, this dish was made in m any different ways.It can be served for breakfast, or as a snack. You can also eat champorado when it’s cold after putting it in a fridge. Usually some Filipino eats the champorado with the combination of a dried fish. Although, it can be considered as a poor man’s food because it does not cost a lot of money and it is relatively easy to make. Everything you will need can be bought at your local grocery store. All you will need is a cup of sticky white rice, half a cup of unsweetened cocoa powder, two and a half cups of water, and half a cup of sugar.You can also add a little bit of vanilla extract but that is entirely up to you. You will, however, need evaporated milk which will give the Champorado a little bit of creme color and to get the thickness down before you start indulging in this delight. Cooking this dish is very simple and does not require a lot of math. Boil the cup of sticky white rice in a medium saucepan stirring constantly because you do not want the rice to clump up together. The rice is ready hen it is transparent and thicker in texture and consistency. Add your cocoa powder and the sugar mixing and stirring these ingredients together. Ones the cocoa powder and the sugar are well blended with the rice turn the heat off and put a little serving in a bowl. Now, you are ready to serve this delightful dish with a swirl of evaporated milk on top. You can typically serve Champorado hot or cold. In our culture, we serve this with a side of salty fish or meat for breakfast.Our society is one big melting pot of cultures where a lot of things are being introduced. It is okay to expose yourself to the many types of delicatessen available out there. The worst possible thing that can happen to you is a swollen throat or you can even break out in hives due to your allergies, so just be aware of the ingredients being used. Despite of the differences that we may have, we do have one thing in common; we all love to eat.

Hispanic Marketing Communication

Welcome to Hispanic Marketing Communication. This is a unique course part of an interdisciplinary Graduate Certificate Program and an Undergraduate Minor at FSU. It is also part of a larger effort called â€Å"The FSU Center for Hispanic Marketing Communication,† the only one of its kind in the US.The intended participants for this course are students who intend to be professionally involved in serving the US Hispanic market as marketers, service providers, advertisers, and/or advertising strategy developers. This course allows the student to place him/herself among the few professionals in the US that understand the US Hispanic market. It should be clear that your proactive participation in this course will determine the extent to which you will benefit from the knowledge and practice that the course offers. Many product and service providers, and their ad agencies, in the US are actively pursuing the Hispanic market.There are many employment opportunities for those who can s how competence in addressing the needs and wants of US Hispanics. FORMAT:   The course is designed for active participation. The discussion forums can be used to discuss any questions, comments and observations that students want to make related to the weekly topic or Hispanic Marketing Communication in general. Each student is expected to participate in meaningful discussions throughout the semester that indicate knowledge of the assigned material. In addition, the course will consist of weekly readings, power point presentations, papers, and/or discussion topics.The â€Å"Library† on Blackboard will be used to make many class materials available. TEXTS: The following text is REQUIRED: 1) Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective by Felipe Korzenny, Betty Ann Korzenny (2005). Publisher Butterworth-Heinemann- Elsevier. You can find this book at the university bookstore or on Amazon. com. Please make sure you have the text by the second week of class. In addition, a list of recommended readings will be posted on the course website. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the semester the student will be able to: Describe the US Hispanic market according to its salient characteristics †¢ Enumerate the factors that make the Hispanic market different from other culturally unique markets †¢ Understand the dynamics that influence the uniqueness of the market †¢ Interpret Hispanic cultural patterns in a marketing framework †¢ Identify strategic elements that enhance the communication between the marketer and the Hispanic consumer. †¢ Analyze and create segmentation approaches for reaching the Hispanic market †¢ Understand measurement and other methodological issues that influence how Hispanic marketing research should be conducted †¢Conduct a Hispanic marketing study to guide a marketing strategy †¢ Generate a marketing strategy based on an understanding of the Hispanic market and its segments †¢ Generate positioning statement s that will meet with success in the US Hispanic market †¢ Generate an advertising execution for the Hispanic market †¢ Address ethical issues in Hispanic and culturally based market COURSE SCHEDULE, TOPICS, AND ASSIGNMENTS *The instructor has the right to change the syllabus. WEEK |TOPICS | |Week 1 |Introduction to the course | |May 10 |†¢ Course organization | | |†¢ Icebreakers/Introductions | |Week 2 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 1 | |May 17 | | | |The Role of Culture in Cross–Cultural Marketing | | |The importance of culture in marketing | | |Culture | | |Why a cultural approach to marketing? | | |A psycho-socio-cultural approach | | |The paradox of social class across cultures | | |Shared perceptions, motivations, beliefs and values | | |It is not a race | | |A common heritage | | |A common language | |Media facilitates specific targeting | | |Geographic concentration | | |A cultural perspective makes the difference | |Week 3 |H ispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 2 | |May 24 | | | |Characteristics of the Hispanic Market | | |Demographic profile | | |Geographic profile | | |Economic profile | | |Ethnic profile | | |Cultural and Historical origins and backgrounds | | |Immigration to the US and its impact on the US Hispanic market | |Week 4 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 3 | |May 31 | | | |What makes Hispanics Hispanic? | | |The issue of self identification | | |Reference groups and Hispanic self identification | | |Hispanic vs. Latino vs. specific country of origin | | |Labels and their implications | | |How do Hispanics think of themselves? |Week 5 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 4 | |June 7 | | | |Language and culture. Code switching, Spanglish. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. | | | | | |What do Hispanics speak? | | |The issues of Code Switching | | |The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis as it relates to the importance of language use | | |Purism vs. ragmatism in language usage | | |The overlap between language and culture | | | | |Week 6 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 5 | |June 14 | | | |Enculturation, acculturation, segmentation, stereotypes, assimilation. | |Cultural acquisition | | |Acquisition of a second culture | | |Abandonment of the first culture in favor of a second culture | | |One-dimensional models of acculturation | | |Multidimensional models of acculturation | | |Acculturation segmentation | | |Acculturation by life-stage segmentation | | |A multicultural future? | | |The impact of stereotypes and auto-stereotypes on acculturation, self-esteem, and consumer | | |behavior | |Week 7 |HispanicMarketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 6 | |June 21 | | | |Cultural archetypes and dimensions | | |Monochronism | | |Monomorphic and polymorphic leadership | | |Individualism and collectivism | | |Androgyny | | |Cultural attributions | | |Cultural perception of: | | |Money | | |Home | | |Debt | | |Happiness | | |Dea th | | |Parent-Child relationships | | |Religion | | |Relationship with nature | | |Position in the cosmos | | |Guilt vs. Shame | | |Gender relationships and expectations | | |Food and hunger | | |Hot and cold | | |Morning, day and night | |Machismo and Marianismo | | |Child centeredness | | |Health remedies and medicine | |Week 8 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 6 | |June 28 | | | |Cultural archetypes and dimensions, continued | |Week 9 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 7 | |July 5 | | | |Culturally Informed Strategy Based on Grounded Research | | |The Cultural Research Paradox | | |The Paradox of Linguistic Equivalence | | |Cultural bias and standardization | | |Use of scales | | |Choice of data collection approaches | | |Qualitative approaches | | |Quantitative approaches | | |The Account Planner | |Week 10 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 8 | |July 12 | | | |U. S. Hispanic Media Environment and Strategy | | |Television | | |Radio | | |Print | |The Movie Theater | | |The Internet | | |Grassroots, Networks, Promotions | | |A new way of thinking | |Week 11 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 9 | |July 19 | | | |The Evolution of Hispanic Marketing | | |The origin of a market | | |The story of the Hispanic market | |Week 12 |Hispanic Marketing: A Cultural Perspective, Chapter 10 | |July 26 | | | |The Future | | |Size and futurism | | |Removing obstacles | | |Lifestyle and economic borders replace national borders | | |The right and the wrong-ethics in Hispanic Marketing | |Week 13 |Final Projects due Monday, August 2nd, before midnight EST. Late projects will not be accepted. | |August 2 | |Assignments: Each week, students will check the course website for the topic to be covered, the learning objectives to be achieved, and the homework assignment along with instructors’ notes about the assigned reading. Any assignments or questions that are part of an assignment will be posted o n Monday by 5:00 p. m. E. T. All assignments are due on Sunday by midnight E. T. Written assignments and papers should be submitted via the appropriate link on blackboard or discussion board thread and should NOT be sent to the instructor as email attachments. Assignments will usually take the form of short written papers or power point presentations. Each assignment is worth 10 points. Discussion Board: A percentage of your grade is based on your posts on the Discussion Boards.If you are required to post on the discussion board, it will be clearly indicated in that week's assignment. You must post at least twice to each discussion board, unless otherwise specified in the discussion board assignment. One post should be your response to the questions posed in the discussion board. The other post should be a thoughtful response to another student’s post. In order to receive credit, you must post your response to the posted discussion board questions by Thursday at midnight ET. In addition, you must post a response to another student’s post by Sunday at midnight ET. Your grade on the discussion board is based on participation.Each discussion board assignment is worth 10 points. However, in order to receive full credit for these posts, you must fulfill some basic requirements: – Posts should be a minimum of 150 words – Posts should be relevant to the topic being discussed, but should also attempt to introduce a new point of view or piece of information or otherwise further the discussion – Posts should use correct grammar, punctuation and vocabulary appropriate for a university-level course. Misuse of the discussion boards will not be tolerated. Final Project: Individual students will prepare a 10 – 15 page paper (excluding tables and exhibits). You have two options.Students (especially professional students) are encouraged to choose a final project which is relevant to their own field of expertise and interest. Students s hould begin research and planning for their final projects as soon as possible. The instructor and mentors are available to help you find resources, guide your research, etc. Please remember the wealth of resources available through the course library and the FSU library online databases. Notes that apply to all documents: -Should be typed in Serif 12 point font (Times, Arial, Century, etc. ) double-spaced with one-inch margins -Should have table of contents -Should have a cover page with the project’s and student’s information -Each section should have a subtitle to identify it All appendices should be included at the end of the document with adequate reference to them in the body of the paper -References cited page should be included, in APA format Option A) A strategy document on how to market a specific product to a specific target in the US Hispanic market. The paper will include: 10 points for each of the following bullet points (points will be deducted for going far under the page requirement, not backing up arguments with relevant research, etc. ) a. Definition of the problem including product and competitive environment (2 pages) b. Statement of the marketing objectives (1 page) c. Target segment and its justification (1 – 2 pages) d. Identification of media resources and strategy (2 – 3 pages) e.Positioning and message strategy based on consumer insights, part of which could be from personal interviews (2 – 3 pages) f. Test of message and media approaches, which could be based on focus groups, personal interviews, etc (2 – 3 pages) g. Guidelines for implementation (1 – 2 pages) h. Suggestions for the evaluation of effectiveness (1 – 2 pages) 10 points for grammar, punctuation, style, etc. 10 points for correct citation of sources TOTAL: 100 points Option B) Students may also choose to create a state of the art paper on a specific marketing vertical. Examples of past vertical reports are posted i n the course library. Suggested verticals: †¢ Automotive †¢ Financial Services †¢ Telecommunications †¢ Pharmaceuticals †¢ Heath Care †¢ Packaged Goods Travel and Hospitality Each paper is expected to have the following sections: 20 points for each of the following bullet points (points will be deducted for going far under the page requirement, not backing up arguments with relevant research, etc. ) a. Introduction and importance of the vertical chosen (1 – 2 pages) b. Review of the relevant trade and academic literature (4 – 5 pages) c. Main trends and findings under descriptive headings (4 –5 pages) d. Conclusions and recommendations (1 – 2 pages) 10 points for grammar, punctuation, style, etc. 10 points for correct citation of sources TOTAL: 100 points EVALUATION Assignments 30% Discussion board posts 30%Final Project25% Participation 15% Late assignments and discussion board posts will be penalized 20% per day. The gradin g scale is as follows: |A |94-100 |B- |80-82 |D+ |67-69 | |A- |90-93 |C+ |77-79 |D |60-66 | |B+ |87-89 |C |73-76 |D- |60-62 | |B |83-86 |C- |70-72 |F |

Witch of Wall Street Hetty Green essays

Witch of Wall Street Hetty Green essays A musical based on the life of Americas first great female financier, After watching the play, The Witch of Wall Street, and giving it a lot of thought I have analyzed the questions we were given and decided that just answering one wouldnt do the play or the storyline any justice. Therefore I have decided to run through the play in segments answering all five questions in the process of doing so. 2- Describe the obstacles and opportunities Hetty Green had in the result of her success. 3- What were the main benefactors and antagonizers. The lifetime accomplishments of Hetty Green all started at a young and tender age when she would hang around the docks her father owned, where she was instilled with a certain attitude towards business. She was quite a tomboy, understanding the lingo of the whalers and learning the business. She was her fathers pride and joy, quick to numbers, always giving him the answers he wanted. Her mother, who was an ill and frail woman, was unhappy that she wasnt like other girls her age. While her father blamed her mother for not even being able to produce a son, Hetty, mature and sensitive for her age continued to only do one thing; be the best in her fathers eyes. Competitiveness, the need to be successful and the desire to be only the best reigned her persona. Hettys mother warned her daughter that her father was a shrewd and selfish man. She made sure to tell Hetty that when she died, the entire business would belong to her, despite her fathers words... She warned her daughter not to trust anyone, while Hetty would cry to her, promising to make her happy, be rich and successful and buy her mother a beautiful big house. After her mother died, Hetty was introduced to the cold brutality of the world and it was the first notch of trust she lost in her father. Right after the funeral the lawyer announced that all assets would belong to Robinson. Hetty prot...

Healthcare, Cultural Beliefs and Pakistani Americans Essays

Healthcare, Cultural Beliefs and Pakistani Americans Essays Healthcare, Cultural Beliefs and Pakistani Americans Paper Healthcare, Cultural Beliefs and Pakistani Americans Paper Essay Topic: Eva Luna Cultural Beliefs and Healthcare Healthcare’s purpose in general, and Nursing’s purpose in particular, is to provide care and nurture the health of each person with whom the healthcare system comes into contact. Perceptions, however, of what healthcare and nursing entail or should entail are not universal. Perceptions of the same are often derived from a person’s culture or socio-demographic background, and his awareness of and accessibility to healthcare services. Cultural values often dictate a person’s behavior to his health or reaction to any sickness. In order to develop a health system that strives to fulfill any person’s best health potential, then culture must be considered such that any healthcare program or intervention must be culturally sensitive and include cultural mechanisms that better embrace the needs of each individual patient. The purpose of this paper is to describe one particular cultural group in the United States: Pakistani Americans, and offer recommendations how a healthcare system may better foster care for Pakistani Americans by learning about and incorporating certain culturally appropriate services to their healthcare system. The results of an interview conducted in the home of Mustafa (who does not want his last name used due to privacy issues) are based on M. Leininger’s Sunrise Model. The recommendations at the end are based in most part on the interview data. Leininger’s Sunrise Model in Brief In Leininger’s Sunrise Model visualizes the different dimensions of Leininger’s Culture Care Theory. It illustrates a complete view of the different yet closely related dimensions of the theory. The Sunrise Model in this study is used as a cognitive map to orient one with Pakistani-American culture and to depict the different dimensions of the theory. The central purpose of Leininger’s theory is culture care (Leininger, 1991, p. 35). The goal as established by the Culture Care Theory is to provide culturally congruent care to individuals, families, groups, communities and institutions. Culturally congruent care is defined as â€Å"those cognitively based assistive, supportive facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor made to fit with an individual’s, group’s, or institution’s cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways in order to provide meaningful, beneficial, satisfying care that leads to health and well-being. † (Leininger, 1995, p. 75). The theory helps a healthcare practitioner learn about the worldview of a group of people or an individual from that group. As briefly noted earlier, a person or group derives its cultural and social structure dimensions from that worldview, and it is the latter that defines their existence. These cultural and social dimensions influence care patterns and healthcare practices. The Culture Theory states that there are seven cultural and social structure dimensions: Technological factors, Religious and philosophical factors, Kinship and social factors, Cultural values and lifeways, Political and legal factors, Economic factors, and Educational factors. Due to space limitations, not all dimensions of the Culture Care Theory, as depicted and represented by the Sunrise Mode, can be considered in this paper, and those considered are: Religion, Cultural Values, and Political Factors, but first an overview of Pakistani-Americans is provided so as to provide an additional means to context. Pakistani-Americans: An Overview In 1947, Pakistan received its independence from British India. The new nation was created on the basis of Islam so that Muslims from British India would have a nation to of their own, as opposed to India, which remained largely Hindu. According to the CIA World Fact book, 95% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim, and of that percentage, 75% are Sunni Muslims and 20% are Shi’a Muslims. The other remaining 5% of the population are Christian and Hindu. Pakistan is not a secular state, and the state religion is indeed Islam. Religion enters many aspects of the Pakistani political and social life. Since Pakistan came into existence relatively recently, in 1947, any record of the life of Pakistani Americans can really only begin since that year, but prior to that year, there were Muslim immigrants coming to the United States from British India, and the region that is now Pakistan. In the early 1900s, around 2,000 Indians, including both Muslims and Hindus, worked alongside immigrants from China, Italy and Japan to build the Western Pacific Railway in California. (Smith, 2008, and Jensen, 1988). Other Indians worked on other construction projects throughout the Western states, but particularly California. Sometimes an Imam was brought to the fields with them, and the Imam would pray from the Koran several times a day when the Muslim men took their breaks. (Jensen, 1988). Some Indians returned to their country after they had saved considerable funds, but many more remained in the United States. While those who stayed faced racial prejudice, the Muslims also were subject to religious prejudice. The United States was and is mostly Christian, and difference, especially at that period of history, was not tolerated and embraced. There were calls that those in the United States be expelled while further calls were made to deny Muslims entry to the United States. (Smith, 2008). The Asiatic Exclusion League (AEL) was organized in 1907 to encourage the expulsion of Asian workers, including Indian Hindus and Muslims. (Jensen, 1988). The years to follow were met with legislation introduced into the Congress to deny Muslim Indians visas, residency and citizenship rights. Most of these pieces of legislation were defeated, however, and in 1947, Congress passed a bill that would allow naturalization to those Indians in the United States. (Smith, 2008). According to reports form the Immigration and Naturalization Service cited in Jansen (1988), from 1947 to the mid 1960s, there were only around 2,500 Pakistani immigrants in the United States. Since 1965, the Untied States has seen the largest migration of Pakistanis to the United States. Numbers of Pakistani immigrants swelled after 1970, with thousands of Pakistanis entering the United States each year since that time. Like their Asian Indian counterparts, they tended to be urban, well-educated, and professional. Many of them had come from cities like Karachi and Lahore, and were familiar with Western culture and ways of living. However, the dependents and relatives that they have since sponsored for permanent residence in and citizenship to the United States in the years after 1965 have tended to be characterized by lower levels of education. The 1990 U. S. Census indicates that there were around 100,000 Pakistani-Americans in the United States. The largest percentage, 32% is in the Northeast, with 27% in the South, 21% in the West and 20% in the Midwest. The Highest concentrations of Pakistani Americans are in New York, California and Illinois. It seems they tend to settle in large cities as a reflection possibly of their cities in Pakistan, i. e. Lahore, Karachi and Rawalpindi. It also is a reflection of course to move where the availability of employment is better. Due to their short history in the United States, and relatively small numbers of immigration as compared to others, there has been very little written about the Pakistani-American community. Scholars write about ethnic communities in the United States, but they tend to put the larger Asian Indian sub-continent community together as one community, rather that the many diverse communities it encompasses. For instance in a study undertaken by Kananur Chandras in Arab, Armenian, Syrian, Lebanese, East Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi Americans: A Study and Source Book (San Francisco: ER Research Associates, 1977), little is done to distinguish between Asian Indian, Pakistani Americans and Bangladeshi Americans. There is an assumption too that because Pakistanis are overwhelmingly Muslim, then they can be listed under the heading of America’s Arab Muslim community. There are also no comprehensive lists of Pakistani-American organizations or newspapers. This study was undertaken with the help of one interviewee, Mustafa, allowing me to enter his home. Conclusions about the Cultural Phenomenon of Pakistani-Americans Culture is a word used as if an umbrella to encompasses various dimensions, as outlined by Leiningers Sunrise Model. As mentioned, due to time and space constraints, only the topics that seemed most relevant and pertinent to my interview with Mustafa are included in this paper, and they are: (1) Religion, (2) Cultural Values, and (3) Economic and Education Factors. The following is a discussion of my data and literature review. Religion Muslims are devout people who often visit a mosque once a week, usually on Friday afternoons. They are guided in prayer by an Imam at the mosque. Women and men sit separately, and in many mosques there is a separate room for women. Both men and women must keep their arms and legs covered while they are in the mosque; they should also cover their heads, but for men, the latter is not always followed. Children are also encouraged to attend education classes that are based on the Islam faith. Most Pakistani-Americans are devout Muslims. Religion has always played a prominent role in the lives of Pakistanis, and that includes Pakistani-Americans. The Koran is their path in life and they greet each other with Salum Aleikum, which was how I was greeted at the door by Mustafa. When I first walked into Mustafas House, his grandfather was sitting in a chair in a corner, and his fingers rubbed over his prayer beads. Muslims pray five times a day towards their holy city Mecca, Egypt. In the corner of the room behind the grandfathers chair was a mat rolled up. It was my impression that he, or they, used this mat when praying. One thing I noticed was that there were no pictures on the wall of family or friends or pieces of art. The walls were rather plain apart from something that looked like calligraphy on velvet red paper, and framed nicely in a deep blue frame. In Islam, according to the Koran, idolatry is forbidden, and this is why I believe, or at least noted, that this family did not keep pictures of people, whether family or friends or movie stars, on their walls. Pakistani-Americans also remain very sensitive about the roles and place of the sexes. Islam has strict rules that apply to men and women, girls and boys. In general, Pakistani culture, as interpreted by Islam, is a very patriarchal culture. The man is head of the house. So it seemed too in this house. When Mustafas wife and sister came into the living room to be a part of the discussion we were having, they sat on cushions on the floor, as opposed to sitting on the very couch that was behind them. However, when Mustafas son came in, he sat on the couch. It may have been personal preference, but it was a very visual representation of patriarchy that is in Pakistani culture. Further, the son spoke often. He is only 10 years old, but wanted to talk a lot and spoke in English. On the other hand, Mustafas wife never spoke, except for a few whispers to Mustafas sister, and that too was not in English. Mustafas sister did speak, but it was only twice, and it was to ask where I was attending school. She did speak mostly in English, but oftentimes looked at the grandfather for approval, and even, it seemed, she looked at Mustafa and her nephew for their approval as well. Mustafa told her it was fine, speak up, but he never mentioned it to his wife, to say that it was fine to speak. Three quarters into the interview, both women left, to retreat to the kitchen, where they made more tea and placed some cookies on a plate for us to eat. Once they had replenished our tea and gave us the cookies, they returned to the kitchen and I never saw them again until I said goodbye. Cultural Values Food is important to many cultures; it is both a symbol and a connector. Nowhere is food more important to a culture than the cultures of the Indian sub-continent. In Pakistan, as in India, there are regional variations that exist, but Pakistani cuisine in general tends to be highly spiced. These spices include cumin, turmeric, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, and of course chili powder. The first two and last are from the Indian sub-continent, while those in between are influences from their Arab neighbors. Unlike some Hindus, meat is an important part of their dish, and it includes lamb, goat and beef. For devout Muslims, the meat should be halaal, or kosher, such that the meat is cut in a way that ensures the slow draining of blood from the animal. The latter is for religious reasons, thus, exemplifying another area where religion plays an intricate role in the lives of Pakistanis. Keeping with the tradition of Islam, Pakistanis do not eat pork. This is opposite to their neighbor India, where the large part of the population is Hindu, and they do not eat beef, but can eat pork. Considering above where scholars today tend to lump Asians together, this is a very important distinction between Muslim Pakistanis and Hindu Indians. It would be highly offensive to give any Muslim pork, and likewise, to give any Hindu Indian beef! Food is as important to culture as spiritual wellness is important to the health of the body. Many Americans believe that food factors in as one of the most important aspects to attaining and maintaining a healthy body and lifestyle. That means eating fruits and vegetables and low fat foods that are not fried. Food for Pakistani-Americans is a means to keep their culture alive and their family together. The women, like Mustafas wife and sister, spend hours in the kitchen preparing dinner, then everyone gathers together to eat. Their foods are high in fat as many are fried and they tend to use a lot of oil and ghee. Thinking of food as a source of health does not equate to them as health for the body, but health for the mind and soul. Food combined with religion is good for the soul and the family. Islam does not believe in a mind/body dualism. On the contrary, it is religion that is good for the body, making the body and mind one. Maintaining spiritual peace is thought to be essential to their health. (Athar, 1998). Those who keep to traditions may believe that disease can be a direct consequence or rather punishment from God for any sin that that person or someone close to that person has committed. (Athar, 1998). Therefore, it can be deduced that if one follows religious teachings and does not commit any sin which is outlined in the Koran or Islamic teachings, then one may remain healthy, both body and mind. When I inquired into this aspect of their culture, Mustafa concurred. He left the room momentarily and returned with what he called a taawiz. Its an amulet that contains verses from the Koran, and Muslims wear it when they are sick. Mustafa told me a story that when his son was five years old and had pneumonia, they made him wear this and within a couple of days, to the surprise of his physician, his son was feeling much better. He said that the taawizes are symbols of their faith, and that they are given by Imams and worm usually by adults to cure and prevent illness, which are often caused by the commission of sins. Another cultural symbol and large aspect of not only a Muslim Pakistani-Americans life, but to all Muslims, is Ramadan. Mustafa said that this is a time to where Muslims can heal, and when he said that I felt again as though he was meaning both spiritually and physically. During Ramadan, Pakistani Muslims fast from the first day light until sunset. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Muslim lunar calendar. During the fast of Ramadan, Muslims are not allowed to eat or drink during the daylight hours. Smoking and sexual relations are also forbidden. His grandfather went to Mecca once during Ramadan, and he believes that is why he has been able to live such a long and healthy life. It is Mustafas hope too that he will be able to visit Mecca, or Medina, in the future. Apart from the body and mind being one, and that following religious teachings, one may stay healthy, there is also traditional medicine which is a part of their culture. So if one does get sick, and nothing else seems to cure it, ayurveda medicine is sought along with conventional medicine. Mustafa seemed very flexible on which medicine to use, and it seemed that this was symbolized in part by the arrangement of his home. It was decorated with beautiful rugs and calligraphy, something about the place made you feel you were in another world. It could have been the smells as well, as cumin and cinnamon were very potent. These things were mixed with a flat screen TV and an Xbox 360 station in the opposite end of the room. The mix of western and eastern culture in the room reflected his words when he said he is very much flexible if they use ayurvedic or western medicine. In fact, they have both in the house for headaches, stomach pain, etc. Economic Education Factors According to the U. S. Census report, the profile of the Pakistani American today is dramatically different from the earliest Muslims immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, who came to the United States as manual and agricultural workers with few skills and little or no education. Many Pakistani American males who entered the United States after 1965 were well educated, urban, and sophisticated. They found professions in law, medicine and academia. In the post-1965 wave of immigration, many Pakistanis also came to America as students who earned graduate degrees, and once they received their degrees they pursued careers in their fields in the United States and eventually attained permanent resident status, and for many, citizenship. On the other hand, there are some Pakistanis who have immigrated to the United States, who failed to find positions within their specific fields because their qualifications and experience did not transfer readily to the American context. Many unfortunately have taken jobs well below their qualifications, but there are others who have either retrained themselves in other professions or fields, or pursued continued education their respective fields. Again, according to the U. S. Census, most of the Pakistani community lives a comfortable, middle-class and upper-middle-class lifestyle. Although there are incidences of poverty among newer uneducated immigrants, but on the whole, they are doing very well. The latter immigrants, however, tend to take low-paying jobs involving manual or unskilled labor and tend to live in big cities where such jobs are readily available. Many Pakistani-Americans also own their own businesses, including restaurants, groceries, and clothing and appliance stores. It is common to include members of the extended and immediate family in their business. Pakistani Americans tend to follow the residence pattern set by other Americans, in that they move to more affluent suburbs as their prosperity increases. Members of the community believe in the symbolic importance of owning homes; accordingly, Pakistani Americans tend to save and make other monetary sacrifices earlier on in order to purchase their own homes as soon as possible. Members of the family and the larger community tend to take care of each other, and to assist in times of economic need. Hence, it would be more common to turn to a community member for economic assistance rather than to a government agency. Relatively low levels of the community are therefore on welfare and public assistance. All these things seem to resonate with Mustafa. Their home is in an upper middle class community. He owns three restaurants where his brothers and a few nephews work. He was well educated before moving to the United States, but his field was in medicine, and he could not find a job with his education background and experience. He did not want to return to school so started one restaurant. Upon its success, he was able to open two other restaurants. As mentioned, he is well educated, and he wants his sister to finish college and his son to go to a very good school. He hopes his son will be a doctor as well, or maybe a lawyer. He believes in education and knows that it can bring you economic success. He says that it was his education that gave him the skills to learn to manage a business, and though he was a trained doctor, it was education that made him see the world differently and gave him skills. Recommendations to Promote Culturally Congruent Competent Care In order to provide culturally congruent care, there must a review of traditional and professional health care systems and a synthesis of these aspects put together. The care provided would be unique for each individual as a result of this synthesis. Overall, however, any existing behavior and lifestyles that are good for health should not be changed. Furthermore, culture care accommodation refers to those assistive, supporting, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help people of a designated culture to adapt to, or to negotiate with, others for a beneficial or satisfying health outcome with professional care providers. (Leininger 1991, p. 48). The latter must be considered in any healthcare plan. A first step could be to elicit the persons perspective by asking such questions as: What do you call the problem? Why do you think this problem or illness has occurred? What do you think the illness does? What do you think the natural course of the illness is? These types of questions will flush out any religious beliefs they may have about their illness. Then ask: How do you think the sickness should be treated? This question will clue you into if they want ayurvedic or other traditional medicine used in combination with western medicine. Then ask: Who do you turn to for help? Who should be included in the decision-making process? Pakistanis are very close and it is the family as one unit that often makes decisions. There are other measures that can be taken, such that pork should not be served if the person must be hospitalized. The healthcare provider should be cognizant of Ramadan. Also, if there is a Muslim Pakistani-American who needs healthcare, if may be wise to ask if she prefers a female doctor. The same may be true for male Pakistani-Americans. Overall, it is wise to be alert and knowledgeable of other cultures. It will help promote goodwill as well as healthy relationships for everyone, and the society all together. Bibliography Athar, S. Information for health care providers when dealing with a Muslim patient. Islamic Medical Association of North America, IL: The Library of Islam. Balagopal, Padmini, et al. Indian and Pakistani Food Practices, Customs, and Holidays. Chicago, IL: The American Dietetic Association, 1996. Jensen, Joan. Passage From India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Leininger MM. (1997). Overview and Reflection of the Theory of Culture Care and the Ethnonursing Method. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 8:2, 32–52. Leininger MM. Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing. National League for Nursing Press, New York, 1991. Smith, Jane I. Patterns of Muslim Immigrations. International Information Programs, retrieved on October 23, 2008 from ;http://usinfo. state. gov/products/pubs/muslimlife/immigrat. htm;. Williams, Raymond Brady. Religions of Immigrants from India and Pakistan: New Threads in the American Tapestry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. U. S. Census. (2000) Retrieved on October 23, 2008 from ;www. census. gov;.

Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Engineering - Essay Example MD simulations are performed to provide a comparison base for the results of the experiment in order to identify with the fundamental mechanism. The result of this shows to have defect formation depending on nuclear collisions up to attainment of threshold of ~ 2.2 keV/nm by Se over which the electronic energy loss becomes significance. The results from the experiment are given in terms of tables and figures. Figure 1 exhibited a distinctive Raman spectrum evolution of ID/IG in SiO2-supported graphene, in which 1 Mev C ions were applied. Table 1 constitutes a list of experimental results of estimated fault yields. There is calculation involving application of SRIM, the electronic stopping power, Se and the nuclear stopping power Sn of occurrence ion in SiO2 and graphene. Figure 2 involves a plotting graph on fault yields in graphene against irradiated ion in graphene nuclear stopping power. The conclusion shows threshold to be set by SiO2 substrate and also the defects of small size are formed in the graphene that is supported (Wang et al. 2015). Yeom, D. Y., Jeon, W., Tu, N. D. K., Yeo, S. Y., Lee, S. S., Sung, B. J., ... & Kim, H. (2015). High- concentration boron doping of graphene nanoplatelets by simple thermal annealing and their supercapacitive properties. Scientific reports, 5. The article is all about the study which involves demonstration of B-doped graphene nanoplatelets which can be developed by simple thermal annealing of GO nanoplatelets in boron oxide combination. This article begins by an abstract, which introduces us to graphene and its properties that enhance the carrying out of the experiment. Boron-doped graphene is introduced to be having electrical properties that are easily influenced by oxygen and water impurities. The next part is the introduction which discusses all that is in the body of the article. Various temperatures are then provided for thermal annealing of Boron oxide or GO mixture

Homer, Shakespeare and Sophocles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homer, Shakespeare and Sophocles - Essay Example Hospitality is a prominent concept throughout the story. In book four, Odysseus finally returns to Ithaca in secret and begins to look for allies among his former employees. The opening of book four shows that Eumaeus is an industrious person. It tells of how he has built up the pig-sties through his own work, and that he above all of Odysseus' servants takes the best care of his animals, even going so far as to sleep with the pigs at night. He is also shown to be hospitable after the Greek fashion because he always sends the best of the hogs for the suitors, even though he is most likely not happy about doing it. He shows hospitality to Odysseus in beggar form, showing that he is compassionate and not proud. Later he prepares a second meal from one of the fat hogs that are normally reserved for the suitors, and in this his fairness is perfect, as he divides the meat into exactly equal portions. At this second meal he also presents a sacrifice to the gods, showing that he is pious as well. In drawing a comparison between xenia, piety, and morality, it is shown that the Greeks placed very high importance on the concept of hospitality to strangers and friends alike. As with many Greek choruses, the chorus in Antigone provides insight on the characters and plot of the play, and provides important cues that signal how the audience should feel about and relate to events and characters. In Antigone the chorus appears at pivotal moments to comment on what has occurred. Choruses also add meaning to a play because they are usually composed of a specific type of Greek citizen - for example in Antigone the chorus is made up of Theban elders. This adds meaning to the play because the elders were important for maintaining order in Greek cities, and for the king, their support is crucial - in fact Creon actively tries to win their loyalty. Throughout the play the chorus is torn between remaining loyal to Creon and the necessity of supporting divine law. In Antigone the chorus of Theban elders supports Creon at the beginning. They are loyal to Creon, and pledge their support (but not their approval) of Creon's plans. However, the chorus begins to change their stance when Creon tells Haemon that he intends to have Antigone executed. The chorus warns that because he is separating two people in love, Creon's actions may offend "[s]he against whom none may battle, the goddess Aphrodite". The members of the chorus are also city officials, therefore they must be pious, and withdraw support from a king who is out of favor with the gods. Later, when Tiresias warns of the gods' punishment they urge Creon to take his warning and bury Polyneices. The chorus ceases supporting Creon because he is close to losing the blessing and support of the gods. They advise Creon to take the only action which will allow him to remain in the gods' favor, and rejoice when he finally takes their advice, however at the end of the play they still judge that his a ctions have gotten him what he deserved: "By far is having sense the first part of happiness. One must not act impiously toward what pertains to gods. Big words of boasting men, paid for by big blows." Othello Othello is a Venetian general, courageous, intelligent, and skilled in battle. However, he is also socially insecure. Even though he shares religion,

Stevens Johnson Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stevens Johnson Syndrome - Essay Example Recommendations for managing this conditionStevens-Johnson Syndrome is an emergency that needs immediate hospitalization in burn or intensive care units. The initial treatment in managing this condition is based on determining the cause. In this case, the condition is triggered by medication, thus, discontinuation of the medication is recommended (Sooriakumaran et al. 2006). According to Patterson et al. (2009), early discontinuation of the causative drug has been proven to improve survival rate in affected patients (p. 234). As a precaution, all medications ought to be discontinued, to minimize complications. Next, oral lesions are administered mouthwashes. According to McCance & Huether (2014) anesthetics are used in pain control, as the pain is intense (p. 1627). In addition, the patient must be allowed to rehydrate their bodies via intravenous fluid repletion, the ocular surface is lubricated. The patient has to be given a consult by an ophthalmologist because of the eye damage r isk (Wright & Spiegel, 2006). Regions which contain shed skin ought to be covered with compresses of Burow or saline solution and tetanus shots must be administered to the patients. Special attention is given to hemodynamic and airway stability. Nutrition also plays a vital role in managing this condition. Proper management entails supportive care to the patient as the treatment is symptomatic. A vital pointer is that the environment must be hygienic and sterile, to prevent any infection.

The Function of Ethics and Financial Services Essay

The Function of Ethics and Financial Services - Essay Example The company was involved in a fraud scheme whereby Gottlieb and Drabinsky received $7, 000, 000 directly or through the company owned by Gottlieb. $ 4, 000, 000 of the total amount was capitalized as the pre-production costs. Gottlieb and Drabinsky operated a kickback scheme with Livent vendors and took the mentioned amount from the company and took into their own pocket. To fully convince the company of the transaction, Gottlieb instructed the two vendors to present an invoice that could not expose their deal. Gottlieb and Drabinsky received the payment for bogus services. In the mid-1990s, it became difficult for the company to attain its financial goals. Gottlieb and Drabinsky enjoyed their financial gain, and in turn, the company had to bear the loss. It became difficult for the company to raise additional capital to sustain its operation. Gottlieb and Drabinsky manipulated the company by directing Livent’s accounting staff to obscure the company’s financial crisis. Some of the manipulations included erasing the accounting records that recorded the liabilities and expenses of the company at the end of each year. The Livent’s accounting staff engaged into an accounting scam of transferring the preproduction costs of existing show to shows that were in production. This transfer manipulated the company to comprehend the cost of the major items used in production. To reduce the costs of preproduction, Livent’s accounting team transferred the costs to fixed asset accounts.... The Livent’s accounting staff engaged into an accounting scam of transferring the preproduction costs of existing show to shows that was in production. This transfer manipulated the company to comprehend the cost of the major items used in production. To reduce the costs of preproduction, Livent’s accounting team transferred the costs to fixed asset accounts. Eventually, the company started debiting salary expenses and operating expenses to long-term fixed assets accounts. Livent transferred the cost of the shows that were currently running to shows that never existed (Knapp & Knapp n.d, p10). In 1996, Gottlieb and Drabinsky conducted a scheme referred as the fraudulent revenue-generating. This fraud involved various multimillion-dollar transactions organized by Gottlieb and Drabinsky. Most transactions involved the rights to produce Show and Ragtime Boat in different U.S. theatres to Texas companies. The contract or agreement of this transaction obligated the need to h ave a non refundable fee. Specifically, the $11.2 million fee paid by the Texas company to Livent was non refundable. However, the Livent’s executives arranged a secret side agreement that guaranteed Texas Company a reasonable rate of return on every large investment they made. Despite the actual growth and earnings that the company achieved, the accounting staff benefited more while the company deteriorated at a high rate. The final Livent Fraud occurred in the late 1997, when Livent opened Ragtime in the Los Angeles Theatre. The company got into an agreement with the theatre of closing the show if the weekly sales fell less than $500, 000. During that period, Livent entered into various transactions purporting to present