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The United States As A Christian Nation - 1263 Words

Was the United States Founded as a Christian Nation? Have you ever wondered why people in the American society think any kind of demonstrated behavior is acceptable? The Christian views once instilled in United States citizens have grown sparse today, in comparison to what they once were. Opinions of many people have changed concerning multiple issues. Many founding views were centered on Godly principles as portrayed in the U.S. Constitution, and as well as the Declaration of Independence. As society continues to argue over the inclusion of religion in politics, members of society reap the effects in many areas, particularly in the education system. I strongly agree that the United States was founded as a Christian nation. Religion has been a large part of this country, starting with the very first people to arrive in America, the Pilgrims. Breaking away from the Church of England, the Pilgrims settled in what is now known as Massachusetts in 1620, in order to express religious fre edom. They wanted to practice Christian beliefs similar to ones practiced by earlier Christians. Based on the views of the founding people of America, many would claim this as support that America was founded as a Christian nation. Fast forward to the late 1700’s, where both the Declaration of Independence and The United States Constitution had been written. These documents both showed signs of a Christian foundation with multiple references to God. As stated in the Declaration, â€Å"[They] holdShow MoreRelatedThe United States As A Christian Nation1277 Words   |  6 PagesMost people believe that the United States was founded as a Christian nation. After all, our money is emblazoned with â€Å"In God We Trust,† our Pledge of Allegiance declares that we are â€Å"one nation under God,† and in court we swear to â€Å"tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God.† It’s true that the Founders were heavily influence d by Christian ideals. And while the U.S. Constitution prohibits any religious test or requirement for public office, the majority of U.SRead MoreChristianity : A Christian Nation1188 Words   |  5 Pagesof America being founded as a Christian Nation and the idea of Jesus being followed in America. America was and is Christian, still, but was not founded on Christianity. Fea does not answer the question regarding America being founded as a Christian nation (Fea 245). Prothero gives some opinion about Jesus in America, but says Jesus is viewed different in the eyes of many Americans (Prothero 9). As much as I want to think that America was founded as a Christian nation, I cannot agree with it. TheRead MoreEssay about a christian nation802 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the United States is a Christian nation. After reading the Church book, however, I believe it is obvious that our country was not in fact founded on Christianity. Even though many religious right groups insist our laws should enforce the doctrines of Protestant Christianity. The documents written by our founding fathers say otherwise. The U.S. Constitution has no mention of Christianity or Jesus Christ, and is evidence within itself that our country was not founded as a Christian nation. The menRead More Christmas as a Federal Holiday Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesundeniably December 25th, Christmas. Most people acknowledge that the â€Å"Christ† in Christmas is representative of Jesus Christ, Son of God, and for Christians, the day is set aside as a celebration of his birth. Many people in the United States (and world) however, either do not believe in the Christian view of Christmas, have different non-Christian religious beliefs or celebrate for other reasons, if at all. Because of the multi-cultural differences that incorporate our country, Christmas shouldRead MoreEvaluation of Religion in America1565 Words   |  7 Pagesin a nation of 300 million plus people many different religions are observed. In a country as large and diverse as this one there are many different opinions about the various religions in existence in the United States. Depending on where you are or who you’re talking people are either accepting or not accepting of a diver se religious nation. As we all know religion, politics, and race are very divisive topics and brings up a lot of heated emotions in people. America is advertised as a nation thatRead MoreAmerica s Identity Of A Christian Nation1234 Words   |  5 Pagestime, America could be seen as a culture vulture. As far as religion goes, there are several different ways to approach this question was America founded as a Christian nation? And should it pursue a unique identity of a Christian Nation? To answer this question thoroughly in my opinion, I felt that America wasn’t founded as a Christian nation along with other influences that were here first. The reason I say this, is because we use to have Indian tribes and they had their beliefs that seemed to alreadyRead MoreThe Armenian Massacres Of The 1890 S1417 Words   |  6 PagesThe Armenian massacres of the 1890 s are an important marker in the history of humanitarian aid by the United States. Before this point, American humanit arian aid had been up to small committee efforts thrown together for an individual international crisis. During the 1890 s humanitarian reformers became more organized and elected officials began to look at the role the United States federal government could play in international humanitarian aid. (Wilson 27) At this time Protestant missionariesRead MoreEssay on The Struggle Between Two Sides: Church and State1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe separation of the state and church refers to the distinct distance in the relationship that exists between the national state and the organized church. Although the aspect of separation between the state and the church has worked in a number of nations, the degree of separation varies depending on the valid legal policies and laws in relationship with the prevalence views on the religious aspect of the society. In most of the nations that practice such separation, there exists distinct rulesRead MoreReaction to â€Å"Introduction to a New Amer ica†935 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious climate in the United States. The United States has always been a country of many religious traditions due to the Constitutional right of Freedom of Religion. But since the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act, signed by President Johnson, America’s borders have seen a tremendous influx of individuals from around the world. There are one million new immigrants to the U. S. each year which has led the United States to become the most religiously diverse nation on earth. The percentageRead MoreReligion in Government Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesMason 1772(Founding Fathers 2). The presence of God is in every part of America. The Christian religion was brought to American shores by nearly all who immigrated to the United States. The American nation was built on the principles of â€Å"one nation under God† and now people want to erase Him from everything. ‘I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands one nation under God indivisible with liberty and justice for all’. By stating allegiance

Baseball and Boxing from Pre-modern to Modern Free Essays

Baseball and boxing make up a very large portion of the American sports culture, and for more than 100 years have developed into the professional, nationwide and international games that we can see on television today. In the 1870’s baseball started to be acknowledged as America’s national sport, however boxing enjoyed a similar popularity and both of these sports have changed from small-time amateur pastimes into televised, professional league sports that bring in millions of dollars each year and pay their athletes considerable amounts of money to keep on playing. While both baseball and boxing may now, and always have, attracted a different sort of crowd, they have both nevertheless developed along very similar lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Baseball and Boxing from Pre-modern to Modern or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings were formed; the team was the very first professional baseball team and it went undefeated that first year after being challenged by many amateur teams (Goldstein, 1989, p. 70). Over the subsequent years (more than a century) since the inception of the National League and the American League, two factors of the game have changed significantly: the integration of ethnic minorities into the major Leagues and the fact the game itself has become less violent than it was in its earlier years. In the 1890’s, the segregation of black and white baseball teams began, following an initial period of integration that was very short-lived (White, 1995, p. 140). The Negro Leagues incorporated several different non-white leagues into one general ‘outsider’ structure of teams that were comprised predominantly of black players. Other ethnic minorities would have been relegated to these leagues instead of joining the National or American Leagues, which were solely comprised of white, male players. In 1945, after a huge push from many people within professional baseball that echoed the sentiments of an anti-racist American population, black baseball player Jackie Robinson was signed to the Montreal Royals and in a few short years the Negro Leagues would disband due to full integration. The early baseball players were not only taking part in a segregationist sport, they were also playing the game with much more violence than they are today. They tried harder to steal bases and to score runs than experts feel today’s players do; where once it was not uncommon for runners to physically interject when the basemen tried to catch a throw, now base runners will simply run to their base and let the field and basemen do their jobs. It is fair to say that the game has mellowed. Boxing has exhibited great similarity to the development of baseball in America, albeit an entirely different sport. Where baseball is a team game dependent on specific rules of play, boxing emerged as a sport totally dependent on the strength and will of one man to simply overpower another in a direct fist-fight. Bare-knuckle boxing is the ancestor of today’s boxing, a sport that is blatantly violent however in comparison to some of the fights that took place in the 19th century. Boxing in its infancy was carried to America by British settlers and has forever secured a place in the hearts of many sport enthusiasts in modern day. This is another sport that has become decidedly less violent and which has also seen its participators overcome the segregation that was rampant in early American society (Gorn, 1986, p. 128). In place of very strict guidelines where whites and blacks must not engage each other in sport, like in the baseball leagues, it was more common for mixed fighting to occur in boxing. The crowds could be massive at any event, and often the pitting of a white champion against a black one would draw even more attention to the point where thousands of would-be spectators were turned away. This was a sport in which black athletes could really carve a niche for themselves and, while constantly facing discrimination like any other minority at the time, a boxer could literally fight his way out of racial oppression. Bare-knuckle boxing is not extinct, however professional boxers are required to wear gloves that will not only protect their hands but their opponents as well. The sport is not as bloody and less of its participants will leave the ring with broken bones, however there can be no doubt that boxing is still a very primal, violent sport. Superficially speaking, it bears no resemblance to baseball, however these are two American sports that have evolved with a change in racial tensions and equality issues and with modern concerns over health and safety. Both have tamed considerably and allow minorities to play professionally. Reference List Goldstein, W. J. (1989). Playing for Keeps: A History of Early Baseball. New York: Cornell University. Gorn, E. J. (1986). The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting in America. New York: Cornell University. White, S. and Malloy, J. (compiler) (1995). Sol White’s History of Colored Base Ball, with Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886 How to cite Baseball and Boxing from Pre-modern to Modern, Papers

Hunger Artist Essay Example For Students

Hunger Artist Essay I will try to demonstrate what the publics reaction was to the angel in ? The very old man with Enormous wings ? and Kafkas ? Hunger Artist ? from what the authors wrote in the stories and the characters point of view. I will also try illustrate how the public has more of a meaning in both stories. In ? A very old man with Enormous Wings ? the public goes to see the old man because they wanted to see what he was. The owners of the house where the old man was at, thought that he was a lonely castaway from some foreign ship wrecked by the storm. They thought this because they spoke to him and he answered in a incomprehensible dialect with a strong sailors voice. The public tossed him things to eat as if he werent a supernatural creature but a circus animal. When Father Gonzaga went to see the old man there was less frivolous onlookers than those who had arrived earlier. The simplest among them thought that he should be named mayor of the world. Others of sterner mind felt that he should be promoted to the rank of five-star general in order to win all wars. There were other people that hoped he would be put to reproduce, so there would be a race of winged wise man who could take charge of the universe. Father Gonzaga suspected that he was an impostor because he did not understand the language of God and did not know how to greet his minister. He did not think that the old man was an angel, he instead felt that it could of been a trick of the devil. Curious people came from far away because they thought that he could cure them and change their misfortunes. During all this time, the old man was the only one who did not take part in his own act. During those days a carnival attraction arrived with a woman who had been changed to a spider. The old mans reputation was already ruined by this time. After this people stopped going to see the old man. Months had past when the old man got new wings and just flew away. I think that the angel in ? The very old man with Enormous wings ? might have actually stayed. He left because no one treated him right. They did not believe in him just because he did not give them what they wanted, so they did not have faith in him. The public could of just believe in him and treated him well maybe he would have gotten well and then he would have gaven them what they wanted. In the ?hunger Artist ?, the artist wanted the public to appreciate his fasting abilities by watching him and giving him fame. We know this by the following passage; ? Why stop fasting ?, why should he be cheated of the fame he would get for lasting longer. ?Professional fasting had diminished remarkably the last decade. For elders he was often a joke, while for children he was a special treat. There were different kinds of watchers that watched the artist. There were groups of watchers who would huddle to together in a corner to play cards. They intended to give the artist Some space, because they thought he would appreciate to be alone. He did not, instead it made him miserable and made his fast seem unendurable. Then there are the watchers more to his taste. The watchers that would sit close up to the bars because they were not content with the dim night lighting on the hall. The artist would not sleep, he was happy at spending sleepless nights with such watchers. People began to get uninterested in watching the ? Hunger Artist ? because no one could produce evidence that the fast had really been continuos; only the artist knew that, therefore he was his only satisfied spectator of his own fast. Years past and still no one took his trouble seriously. People felt that his depression was do to the fasting. They also felt that fasting made him react with an outburst of fury; he would shake the bars of his cage like a wild animal. More years past, suddenly the hunger artist found himself deserted by the amusement seekers and by this he died. .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd , .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .postImageUrl , .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd , .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd:hover , .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd:visited , .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd:active { border:0!important; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd:active , .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf458c01de40f3d807754ce4546653ccd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What was the leading cause of the worldcom scandal EssayIn the ? Hunger Artist ? the public could not have just been content in knowing that he was fasting. They saw how skinny he was and they still thought that he could have had been eating on the side. This shows the lack of trust people have in other people. The two stories should be compared because of their similarities in the way the public treats the main characters. The public was just interested in the ? Hunger Artist ? because he was an entertainment for them. They watched him for a couple of years, but it then got to a point when people started saying, ? that they would not watch him anymore because they were not with him all day, so how could they be sure that he was not eating anything on the side. ? The public in ? The very old man with Enormous wings ? were interested in the old man because they thought he was an angel. They stopped being interested in him when they saw that he could not do miracles for them. With this we can see that the public in both stories were only enticed by the two characters as long as they thought that they were getting something from them. The public tried to use the characters for their own benefits. I think that the two writers are focusing on how the public reacts to the characters in ? The very old man with Enormous wings ? and the ? Hunger Artist ? because they are trying to show how the world has changed when it comes to having faith in other people or in a religious matter.

Beowulf &Superman essays

Beowulf &Superman essays A hero is defined in classical mythology as a man, especially the son of a god and a mortal, who is famous for possessing some extraordinary gift. Beowulf, the title character of an epic poem and Superman, a more modern day hero are both prime examples. Beowulf and Superman exhibit several differences, but they also share some similar qualities. Beowulf possessed great strength that separated him from other men. Being able to use a sword that no ordinary man was able to carry gives the feeling that Beowulf is something more than a human being. It makes him special and causes him to stand out from all other men. Fame is something that makes a hero more noted. Beowulfs popularity had spread all over the world. He never let this go to his head and he never thought that he was better than everyone else because of it. By engaging in this foolish contest, Beowulf nearly got himself killed trying to prove he was better than Brecca. Jealousy is never a good trait, especially for a hero. Revenge is never a trait of a true hero. A hero has no scores to settle. A true hero should fight only to protect others and not out of his own rage. Also, with Beowulf being a human being, he was not invincible. Beowulf didnt realize this until he fought the dragon. He knew nothing of the dragon, its strengths, weaknesses or powers. Beowulf found out what the dragon was capable of and what its powers were. He knew that it could breathe fire, so he got a shield that would protect him. He planned his attack and thought it trough carefully. He was doubtful about himself and knew that this battle would be his last. Superman, also known as Clark Kent, is one of the most popular modern day hero(not as cool as Batman mind you but relates better to Beowulf). Superman spent most of his time saving people from natural disasters and corrupt businessmen. He would level slums to force the city to build decent housing, and he ...

Protests That Change Teh World “Weapons Training” by Bruce Dawe, Charlie Chaplin’s Speech “the Great Dictator” and “Where Is the Love” by the Black Eyed Peas. Essay Example

Protests That Change Teh World â€Å"Weapons Training† by Bruce Dawe, Charlie Chaplin’s Speech â€Å"the Great Dictator† and â€Å"Where Is the Love† by the Black Eyed Peas. Essay Example Protests That Change Teh World â€Å"Weapons Training† by Bruce Dawe, Charlie Chaplin’s Speech â€Å"the Great Dictator† and â€Å"Where Is the Love† by the Black Eyed Peas. Essay Protests That Change Teh World â€Å"Weapons Training† by Bruce Dawe, Charlie Chaplin’s Speech â€Å"the Great Dictator† and â€Å"Where Is the Love† by the Black Eyed Peas. Essay Good morning publishers of penguin. Today I’m here to present three texts that I believe should be included into the anthology â€Å"Protests that Changed the World† Each of these texts share similar context and are the same in purpose. The power of a speech lies in its ability to persuade an audience successfully. With this in mind the three texts which I believe have shown great ability to as persuading audiences is The poem â€Å"Weapons Training† by Bruce Dawe, Charlie Chaplin’s speech from â€Å"The great dictator† and the song â€Å"Where is the love† by The Black Eyed Peas. Weapons Training is a piece of war poetry written by Burce Dawe in 1970. This poem is considered a dramatic monologue spoken by an aggressive and intimidating sergeant who’s training soldiers that are about to be sent off to war. Bruce Dawe has used rhetorical questions to encourage the reader or listener to consider the message or viewpoint. The rhetorical questions ‘what are you looking at? , What are you laughing at? , What are you going to do about it? ’ used in Weapons Training are said in an aggressive tone, clearly used to bully its audience. Saying it in an aggressive tone provokes fear through the audience manipulating them into supporting the use of weapons. Although it is an issue one might usually not choose to support, the fact that it is said in such an intimidating tone encourages the listener to support it due to the fear of what the consequences might be if they don’t support what the speaker is promoting. The author also uses repetition of the word â€Å"dead† this is clearly directed towards the soldiers in order to emphasise the officer’s message. This is a form of teaching the soldiers to hate, fear and listen to authority in order for them not to die needlessly. Repetition has also been to install fear into the audience as a way of turning them against weapons; he is emphasizing the harsh reality of what happens when weapons are used. The use of onomatopoeia in this poem like ‘click’ and ‘pitter-patter’ has the similar effect as the rhetorical questions. It creates a sense of imagery that is almost deathly and horrifying which is also incredibly intimidating towards its audience giving them an insight into how horrific the use of weapons can actually be. It is clear that the author’s goal was to convince the audience about the harsh effects of using weapons, which he has successfully achieved. The speech evoked immense support against the use of weapons and violence from the general public. Bruce Dawe has used this style of writing to effectively describe the sound of weaponry to show how the soldiers were being turned into weapons themselves. The second text that I have chosen for this anthology is Charlie Chaplin’s speech from the Great Dictator. This speech comes from a satire comedy of Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler in which Charlie Chaplin has re-worded Hitler’s speech and instead of saying â€Å"I† all the time he uses â€Å"we† which completely changes the meaning of the speech. We all want to help one another†¦ We all want to live by each other’s happiness†¦ We don’t want to hate and despise one another† this is a form of Inclusive language, which Charlie Chaplin has used in his speech, as it’s a very adequate technique with a very influential meaning, which also allows the audience to feel included. C harlie Chaplin has also used the technique of accumulation: â€Å"Greed has poisoned men’s souls, has barricaded the world with hate; has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed† this technique it’s considered to be a very powerful way to demonstrate what greed has not only done to humans but to this world. Repetition is used several times by the author of this speech in order to really get his message through to the audience. An example of repetition is â€Å"You people have the power, the power to create machines, the power to create happiness† This is an effective way to persuade the audience as he’s tone of voice is not demanding instead he’s just showing he’s point of view towards war and what it’s turning humans into. â€Å"Where is the love† by Black Eyed Peas is my last chosen text. This song is an anti-war anthem, in which they grieve a variety of worldwide problems and many issues are discussed. â€Å"Negative images is the main criteria Infecting the young minds faster than bacteria† is a metaphor which stands out quite a lot in this song. It refers to how negative images in the media and society affect our youth today. The negativity is what influences young minds today, and is blamed as the result for many acts of crime by young people. The Black Eyed Peas use the repetition of the phrase â€Å"where is the love? to emphasise the message they are trying to deliver through this song, which is asking the audience where the love has gone. It is well known that repetition is a tool of manipulation, which is what they have tried to do through the lyrics. Lastly there’s the use of rhyme. Rhyme is a technique that is used several times through out this song. An example is â€Å"But if you only have love for your own race, then you only have space t o discriminate and to discriminate only generates hate†. The use of this rhyme in this song is to alert the audience about how strongly hate effects our world. It is referred to as an ongoing cycle, where if you only have respect and love for your own race, it automatically generates hate for the others. The aim of these lyrics is to highlight how the effects of hate in our world and the use of rhyme certainly accentuate the message. In my opinion these three texts are all very adequate for this future anthology â€Å"Protests that change the world† as the three texts have a great message and have all been effective when persuading it’s audience against the issue of war.

Internationalisation of Fashion Company in Brazil Research Paper

Internationalisation of Fashion Company in Brazil - Research Paper Example The research paper "Internationalisation of Fashion Company in Brazil" talks about the ways to present a luxury fashion company on the Brazil fashion market and how to successfully expand its consumer. The internationalization strategy to be pursued should be chosen carefully in order to determine the best approach in the luxury fashion product market. The foreign market expansion is not a new concept. For over two decades, intercontinental development in the trend industry had been unparalleled. The emergence of super-brands has sparked intense competition. The market positioning of some brands makes them more appealing than others. Internationalization can be defined as the sourcing of goods from overseas markets. Buying from worldwide markets is aggravated by the economic and competitive consideration. Fashion companies seek to obtain gain from a low cost of labor in the underdeveloped economies. The global fashion brand has caused most of the people to look for the most successful brands like the Ralph Lauren and Carolina Herrera. The super brands have left the fashion buyers with little choice but to ignore the lesser known brands. Expansion strategies are important when dealing with recessionary pressure. The emergence of a cosmopolitan and fashion-informed consumer market has caused global expansion. And technology has enabled online transactions. This led to an amplified union in worldwide lifestyles. This allowed the fashion industry retailers to correspond efficiently with the customers in foreign markets. International fashion and design companies have succeeded partly because of design excellence, cosmopolitanism and exclusivity (Alexander & Myers 2000). The Carolina Herrera and Ralph Lauren companies have indentified their market niche. The companies target the clients who deal with accessories, garments and apparels. The companies aim at offering differentiated products of high quality (Charles & Gareth 2012). The same market is the target of the rival companies like Loewe. The future of companies like Ralph Lauren and Carolina Herrera and other fashion retailers lies in the internalization strategy. Many domestic markets have been saturated by local brand leading to lessening of profits. Intense local markets competition has caused constraints to complicate the strategic management of these organizations (Charles & Gareth 2012). The rise of global sourcing by fashion retailers and technological advances has made it easy for companies to target the global market (Chevalier & Mazzalovo 2012).

Women in Politics in the Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women in Politics in the Progressive Era - Essay Example At the end of 19th century women were considered the moral guardians and the protector of the home. During the progressive era, female reformers used ideology that in order to fully protect the home, females should shift to the public scope where they could practice their ethical power over matters such as public hygiene and education which eventually had huge impacts on the homes (Schneide & Schneider 106). Before having the right to vote the women participated in the political arena by joining volunteering organizations to work for reforms in the country. Efforts began to develop at the grassroots level and extended to the state and national level. These women carried out research, executed program, and pushed for the legislature to look into social, political, and economic problem. Middle class club women and settlement workers were to organize and address issues concerning education, healthcare, and political corruption while working women got organized in their own and in partnership with middle class women to raise welfare wages and improve working conditions in America. African American women were in organization to fight racism and provide mutual support. The status of women was beginning to change rapidly in this era, for most part middle class white married women thou they still did not work outside their home. Working women were primarily young and single, widow or divorcees or poor married woman. Most women continued working in agriculture as domestic servants especially the African American women. However, new jobs were opening up and most women began to seek for occupations in department stores. Mid-class women were able to find jobs as clerical workers i.e. typist, clerk, telephone operator, and a few excelled as lawyers, doctors, journalists, and scientist (Schneide & Schneider 146). In the 1930s some reformed women in the era were already in

Respiratory Service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Respiratory Service - Research Paper Example The proposed Respiratory Service has the following key features: The pulmonary rehabilitation programme will allow the patients with COPD to be discharged from the outpatients. "This will allow more access to the Respiratory Outpatients. Moreover by increasing the educational support to both the patients and the nursing staff the following objectives can be achieved: With this kind of a limited model of multi disciplinary working with the additional specialist respiratory practitioner and respiratory service assistant, it can be proved that with this set up and with more inputs the recommendations made by NICE can be easily achieved.3 Consequently a drop in the morbidity and reduction in the instances of hospitalization can be expected. This presentation forms the business case for a sponsorship of the Respiratory Service for a period of two years. As a part of this business case presentation an analysis of the current situation with respect to the provision of the Respiratory Service in general in Kensington and Chel... with respect to the provision of the Respiratory Service in general in Kensington and Chelsea locality as well as the situation prevailing in the Kensington and Chelsea PCT is appended to justify the increase in the number of staff for the provision of an improved service to the patients. 2.1 Diagnosis of COPD - An Overview: Present estimates indicate that in Kensington and Chelsea diagnosis of COPD is being done only in respect of only one third of the patients. It has been observed that on an average an estimated 200 people with the ailment of COPD is contained in the patients list of a GP. The following table (Table 1.1) presents the estimated and registered prevalence of COPD in the area of North West London. Table 2.1 Prevalence of COPD in NWL PCT Estimated Raw Prevalence Smoking Prevalence4 QOF Register Prevalence Est:QOF Register Ratio Lower Upper Mean Hammersmith & Fulham PCT 2,048 4,899 3,474 33.56 1,568 45.1% Hillingdon PCT 3,609 8,633 6,121 27.15 2,615 42.7% Kensington & Chelsea PCT 2,430 5,815 4,123 30.40 1,370 30.1% Westminster PCT 3,047 7,279 5,163 32.88 1,691 32.8% NW London SHA 26,038 62,248 44,143 28.16 14,820 33.6% From the above table it may be observed that in the Kensington and Chelsea area around 30 percent of the true prevalence of COPD was registered through QOF as of November 2005. 2.2 Shortcomings of the Current Care Plans in Terms of Cost Involved: On the basis of an assessment of the current level of the provision of the services it has been ascertained that the there is no integration of the care pathways which leads to lack of comprehension in the services to the patients. There is only a limited access to the Pulmonary Rehabilitation5. Since there are no ways of extending the treatment to the patients in the normal way most of the

Two different approaces to learning in the early years

Two different approaces to learning in the early years Firstly, about Maria Montessori she was born on 31 August 1870 in Italy. At the end of summer of 1952 she died in the Netherlands. As a child she was educated at home where she was interested in mathematics and science. (ODonnell) She preferred to the technical, rather than classical stream of education. (Isaaca, 2007) For her further studies she was enrolled in boys technical school. When her interest turned to medicine with many problems she was allowed to enrol at the University of Rome as the very first Italian female to study medicine. When she was a student she was working in the psychiatrics department of the paediatric clinic attached to the University. This is where she came in contact with children and she observed them closely and particularly how they played with food at mealtime. She interpreted the behaviour as developing from an inner urge to be active. (Schulz-Benesch, 1997) She graduated in 1896 with two honours as Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery degree. (OD onnell, 2007) According to O Donnell (2007), Montessori was interested in childhood mental diseases, therefore she enrolled in course in pedagogy and educational theory during 1897 and 1898, she became familiarized with the theories and writing of Locke, Rousseau, Froebel, Pestalozzi and Owen. They all visualized education as a means of creating a new ideal society. However, Montessori came to the conclusion that all their approaches were incomplete in some way. Therefore, she developed her own approach called the Montessori Method in 1909. (Casa-Montessori 1997) Her approach to education was developed based on her observations and her belief in the education of children as to create a better society. She felt the goal of education should not be to fill the children with facts but rather to encourage their own innate wish to learn. She believed if environment was not properly prepared then the learning becomes difficult and tedious for the children. (Casa-Montessori 1997) Isaacs (2007) Montessori believed that children developed in stages and that each stage had its own unique qualities and characteristics. As said by O Donnell (2007) Montessori recognised childhood as a special time of life, and she realised that the development could not be rushed, as well as the each stage will depend on what had been learned during the previous stages. Montessori followed Rousseau and believed that a child comes in to the world with the mind like a black slate (tabula rasa). The education begins at birth and continues throughout life. She also agreed with Froebels Kindergarten approach that children should be allowed to explore the environment and learn through direct experience and play is an essential part of the educational process. (Slideshare, 2010) By the 1914 there were hundreds of Montessori schools established in Europe, North and South America and Asia. (Isaacs, 2007) The Montessori school environment is arranged according to subject area such as cooking, cleaning, gardening, art, caring for animals, library and more. At Montessori school children are always free to move around the room instead of staying at the table. The children have no limit to how long they can work on something they like. Children learn through firsthand experience by including practical life experience such as gardening, cutting and more. Montessori teachers would avoid using plastic toys such as dolls and they will use natural material (Montessori, 2009). Today, Montessori directresses worldwide prepare the environment for children with self-teaching Montessori materials providing a variety of activities which help them develop the foundations of healthy education by following their own interests. (O Donnell 2007:138) While children were using the materials their reactions were closely observed and those materials which interested the children and what they frequently selected are regularly included as part of their prepared environment. (O Donnell 2007) McClay, (1996) argued that the childrens classroom atmosphere should be relaxed where children feel protected, and where they can work together easily with other staff. Gee argued that the right environment show the way directly to well-behaved and creative children (Gee, 1996). Since 1907 Montessori environment have always met these criteria. She realized that childrens physical health was at risk because of the lack of movement. Therefore, she allowed the children to move about, choosing activities that they want to do. She also made sure that work at individual tables with movable chairs made especially to suit different heights of the children. (O Donnell 2007) There are three stages of process of learning: Stage 1: introduction to a concept by means of a lecture, lesson, something read in a book. Stage 2: processing the information, developing an understanding of the concept through work, experimentation and creation. Stage 3: knowing to possessing an understanding of, demonstrated by the ability to pass a test with confidence or to teach another. (S.M. Stephenson, 2010) In these three stages, stage two is the most important and the longest stage because with it is importance on developing, working, experimenting and creating this enables the children to actually learn and remember what they have learned. Parents today expect their children to read and write at very early age and Montessori in 1907 demonstrated how children began to first write and then to read automatically at the age of four. She designed a sensory materials like sandpaper letters and moveable alphabet to help children develop. (O Donnell 2007) Montessori approach are also described as a phonic approach; it is clear direct teaching the three-period lesson to introduce the links between sound and letter to each children individually before they write or read. (O Donnell 2007) Many families use Montessori principles at homes because according to Montessori education takes place where the children are (Montessori, 2009). Montessori Method is a unique sequence of learning designed to meet the ordinary development of the children. The children who learn the essential skills of reading, writing and arithmetic in ordinary way have the advantage of starting their education without hard work, tediousness or discouragement. ( Casa-Montessori 1997) Secondly, High/Scope was developed in 1960s by Dr. David P Weikart in America. He studied at the University of Michigan in the last 1950s and he was also an ex-marine. (Holt, 2007) He started the organization to continue research and program activities in the beginning as an administrator with the Ypsilanti Public Schools (HIGHSCOPE, 2010). High Scope stands for High the individual level of achievement for all children in their care. Scope the range of experience they offer to children to support them to achieve (Holt, 2007). HighScope is not a part of the public schools or any governmental organization. HighScope preschool programs are compatible with the Guidelines for Appropriate Practice published by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). (HIGHSCOPE,2010) According to Holt (2007), Weikart discovered that children from lower class society especially African American children from elementary school shown the lower achievers and also the stranded test showed him that they had the lowest IQ scores. However, he also noticed that children from predominantly white area scored higher even though they were the same age group. He then discovered that children who lived in the deprived areas were achieving low scores as a rest of lack of opportunity rather than their intelligence. (Holt,2007) Therefore, in 1962 the Perry Pre- School Project began. This was a vital project because children were randomly selected to either attend the HighScope project or to stay in their local community. From this project they were able to control group for comparison to see if being in a preschool setting made any difference to the children (Holt, 2007). Highscope.UK (2010) suggests that the High Scopes curriculum was based on Piagets theories of development. HighScope is about cognitive development approach where children are encouraged to solve problems and think independently. (Walsh Petty, 2007) Weikart strongly felt that, children progress at their own speed and their classroom life should accommodate childrens interests and the activities. (Highscope.UK, 2010) According to Holt (2007) HighScope curriculum is active learning and they believe that children learn from key experience gained from their own discovery and the world around them. The key experiences are organized around these topics: creative representation, language and literacy, initiative and social relations, movement, music, classification, number, space and time (Hohman and Weikart, 1995). Similar to Montessori Approach, HighScope use a unique classroom environment in which the environments help out activities and the adult became supporter and observer of the children it is also providing children with opportunities to develop their strengths. The key experiences classify the kinds of knowledge young children are gaining as they interact with mixture of materials, people, ideas, and events and from this children gain learning skills (Highscope.UK, 2010) Holt (2007) experienced that parents have a key role in childrens learning, therefore home visits were set up, so teachers can suggest ideas about children development and learning. As a result, this became a mutual process and this gave parents an opportunity to share information about their childs interest to the teachers. (Holt, 2007)The results from the project showed that children made huge step in improving their IQ scores when they were entering into mainstream school. Weikart said poor children could move on from the pre-school to elementary school better able to engage in traditional education(Weikart,2004:55) As a consequence from between 1962 and 1967 they decided to follow the children who attended the project and their education beyond to determine the benefits of HighScope throughout their life. The information about one hundred and twenty three students were collected annually from the age of three to eleven and then at the age of fourteen, fifteen, nineteen, twenty-seven and finally forty. (Holt, 2007) After each data was collected, staff analyzed the information staff wrote a complete official report. The findings of the program effects through age 40 and the areas of education, economic performance, crime prevention, family relationship and health. (L. J. Schweinhart, 2005) The HighScope approach follows five basic principles that support the practice. This helps the practitioner when they are using the approach with the children. The five principles are Active learning, Adult and child interaction, Daily Routine, Learning environment and, Assessment (Holt, 2007). Active learning is when children learn by being active and by engaging with other people, materials, events and ideas that immediate and meaningful to them. Each aspect of the HighScope Approach supports active learning. (Highscope.UK, 2010) Adult and child interaction is adults working with children and providing them a safe environment for the active learning to take place. They also work together to support with childrens learning. (Holt, 2007) Children achieve more when they feel happy and secure therefore HighScope practitioners bring trust to their relationships with children and they respect and value each childs personal and cultural identity. (Highscope.UK, 2010) Daily Routine provides a structure within which children to choice and to follow their interests. This gives the children the sense of security they need to make choices and to take risks. Firstly, the Plan-Do-Review sequence is unique to the HighScope curriculum. It includes a time which children plan what they want to do then it is a work time for children to carry out their plans or they can start new activities that interest them. Then it is a period for reviewing with adult and other children what theyve done and learned.   Small-group time is based on childrens interest and skills. Secondly, small group activities where children meet with adults and during this time children and adult experiment with materials, try out new skills, and solve problems. Thirdly, large-group time this is when up to 20 children and 2 adults come together for group and music activities, interactive storytelling, and other shared experiences are shared with the children. (HIGHSCOPE, 2010) Learning Environment support activities and resources that give confidence to children to investigate and imagination and gives them plenty of space to move around and give the children opportunity to develop their co-ordination control and build their confident. (Holt, 2007) Assessment gives out multiple purposes which are It looks at meaningful educational outcomes, it gather information and provide truthful information that can be used for individual child planning. Assessment can be used to assess children to see how they are developing and to determine how the programs children attend contribute to the childrens development. (HIGHSCOPE, 2010) The conclusion from the HighScope research is that children across cultural and from different socio-economic backgrounds benefit from the HighScope Approach. This approach is seen as an investment in a childs future life and as an investment in the future welfare of society. (Highscope.UK, 2010) The Montessori and the HighScope approach both are focusing on teaching the children of the future. There are hundreds of Montessori schools established worldwide (Isaacs, 2007). The mission of HighScope UK is to bring the HighScope Approach to adults working with children from birth to adolescence through the provision of high quality support and nationally and internationally accredited training. (Highscope.Uk, 2010) The HighScope approach and Montessori approach are play based for this reason learning environment is important to both approaches. The environments are arranged according to subject area therefore children can play freely. (Montessori, 2009) HighScope believes the outdoor space as equal to the indoor learning environment. (Holt, 2007) From both approaches children decide how they want to learn. HighScope Believe that children gain confidence, initiative and love of lifelong learning when involved in well supported activities of their own choosing (Bell, 2004:5) At Montessori school children are given the material and they can work independently or with their friends. (Isaacs 2007) However, in a Montessori school the teachers role is to observe in order to connect the child with the suitable materials (Goffin Wilson ,2001). Whereas the HighScope is shared control is essential to how adults and children interact. (HIGHSCOPE, 2010) In HighScope, childrens creative exploration is encouraged which leads to pretend play, while in Montessori, practical life work was relates to the real world. Montessori assessments are by portfolio and the teachers observer and keep record of children. They verify if the system is working or not by achievement and behaviour of the children, their happiness, maturity, kindness, and of le arning and level of work. (Montessori, 2009) On the other hand, HighScope use Plan-do-review were children are encouraged to plan the methods they are going to work with; then carry out their plan and review with their teacher. In 2003 government published Every Child Matters influenced by the HighScope and followed by EYFS from September 2008, is to help young children achieve the five outcome which are to staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being by setting the standards by ensuring that every child makes progress and that no child gets left behind. Providing for equality of opportunity is by ensuring that every child is included and not disadvantaged because of ethnicity, culture, religion, family background, learning difficulties or disabilities, gender and ability. Creating the framework for partnership working with parents and professionals and all the settings that the children attend. Improving quality and consistency in the early year sector through a worldwide set of standards which apply to all settings. Laying a secure foundation for future learning through learning and development that is planned around the individual n eeds and interests of the child. EYFS is compulsory to all early year settings. (The EYFS Statutory Framework,2008). The EYFS principles Approach are A Unique Child : recognising that every child is a competent learner from birth. To focus around development; inclusion; safety; and health and well-being. Positive Relationships: loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key person. Enabling environments: to supporting and extending childrens development and learning and focus on observation, assessment and planning. Learning and Development: recognises that children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates. (The EYFS Statutory Framework,2008). There are six areas covered by the early learning goals and educational programmes which are Personal, Social and Emotional Development; Communication, Language and Literacy; Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy; Knowledge and Understanding of the World; Physical Development ; Creative Development. All these goals are equally important and they all depend on each other to support to child development. (The EYFS Statutory Framework, 2008) The EYFS use sensory materials to teach children in setting this method was influenced by the Montessori approach because this approach values childrens imaginative interpretation and teachers recognize that materials in the Montessori environment, such as sand trays, chalkboards, and language cards encourage childrens independence. (Montesori,1995) Montessori also believed that children environment should be comfortable therefore they should have child-sized chairs and table. This was inspired by the early years setting. Montessori Method was based on personal development rather than skills. From self discovery and social development children learn to respect the work of others in the environment as they consistently encounter situations (Montessori). Whereas the EYFS and the HighScope approaches were high structured and planned for children to get ready for school and world of work. According to Nursery World (2010) children will be assessed with new readiness for school at the age of five, linked to the EYFS profile. Whereas, the EYFS and the Montessori approach ensured that every child was include in their approach. However, the HighScope approach only looked at the lower class society especially African American children. (Holt, 2007) EYFS, HighScope and Montessori approach are all play based curium. Children are given the opportunity to take care of themselves, each other, and the environment. (S.M. Stephenson, 2010) However, on the EYFS teaches what can be assessed rather what is worth learning. For example children cannot be assessed if they are happy or not by doing a particular activity. Like the EYFS the HighScope classroom has a regular routine. This is ensuing certainty to help children understand what will happen next and encourage them to have control in their classroom. From these approaches we notice that HighScope and Montessori approach influenced in the EYFS.

Extortion of the Jamacian People :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION According to the 2006 edition of Microsoft Encarta published by Microsoft Corporation terrorism has existed for at least 2000 years and is likely to remain a fixture on political agendas, both locally and internationally for years to come. This practice provides unproblematic means by which the weak can meet head-on with much stronger opponents. It consequently has an enduring application to the alienated and the disenfranchised, the aggrieved and the rancorous, the powerless and the would-be powerful. This word itself brings trepidation and anyone who is dubbed a potential terrorist gives the impression of being hazardous. Terrorism, which is the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims, has been chosen the theme for this portfolio. The topic of this writer will be extortion, which is a form of terrorism, how it affects the lives of Jamaican people and the parts the so-called â€Å"dons† play in this brutal act. This writer is impelled to magnify the main points surrounding this matter and to craft a healthier understanding surrounding the driving force behind people’s pathway of being an extortionist. This writer is determined to release the cages that are infrequently released from around the less discussed areas of this topic. It can be assured that after having a look at this portfolio the reader/readers will have a better understanding of extortion and how it affects the lives of the Jamaican people. I chose this topic because of my love for the ghetto and the pessimistic impact extortion has had on the lives of the ghetto people and also to expand my knowledge on the topic. As a prospective businessperson it give me the opportunity to amplify my knowledge about the possibility of extortion. This writer in exploring the selected topic experienced a lot of challenges: Time – Being a Seventh Day Adventist my Saturdays were off. Therefore the only access to books was in the school library. Due to the structure of my time table a lot of problems were faced in having adequate access to the library facilities at my school. Resources – A lot of effort was being placed on finding information on the topic. This was the most challenging part. I trust that this phase of my study will be very entertaining yet informative to all those who read.

The poem ‘After Apple Picking’ by Robert Frost as one the most celebrated and widely read poems of the Romantic Period

The poem ‘After Apple Picking' by Robert Frost is one the most celebrated and widely read poems of the Romantic Period. The poem was drawn from Frosts' own life, his recurrent losses, everyday tasks, and his loneliness. After Apple Picking is the poem that links Frost heavily to the Romantic Tradition as he follows the traditional Romantic model, in which he displays a number of Romantic qualities, mainly a connection with the transcendent and spiritual, Individualism, Primitivism and Nature as a source of reflection and guidance. A characteristic of Romanticism was the belief that emotions and relationships were not just important, but were the very currency of life (Individualism). After Apple Picking focused on ones deep feelings of suffering but also a sense of hope and transcendence. This is conveyed in the quote â€Å"Of Apple picking: I am overtired Of the great harvest I myself desired†. The dramatic monologue, diction and modality shows the struggles of the man. The persona has too many goals and is regretting his choices in life, showing feelings of regret and exhaustion. Individualism is a major aspect to Romantic poetry and is expressed through the example as it shows a single person and his expression of individual feelings. Romantic literature tends to have a theme of favouring the pastoral over the urban way of living. After Apple Picking is set in a rural background of a farm which is a critical aspect in determining that Frost is a poet of the Romantic Tradition. The symbolism of the ‘great harvest' as the goals and dreams of the man links it back to the Primitivism and the experiences of the common man. The other example of â€Å"Empty Barrels† symbolise Frosts regrets at having not fulfilled all of his lives dreams and ambitions. This primitive state is a common occurrence in many Romantic period poems and the emphasis on rural life adds to the proof that After Apple Picking and Frost are part of the Romantic Tradition. In After Apple Picking nature is used greatly to create a deeper value and more meaningful answers to life. This is nature acting as source of reflection and guidance. His emphasis on emotion rather than logic clarifies that the poem is indeed Romantic. The fist person narrative and reference to nature; â€Å"woodchucks†, â€Å"apples†, â€Å"boughs† help create a reflective tone in the poem. Frost capitalises on the reflective tone and attempts to use nature as a source of value and meaning within his life. Romantic poems also had a connection with the transcendent and links to the spiritual. Frost makes certain biblical allusions to Jacob's ladder and heaven shown in the quote â€Å"My long two-pointed ladder's sticking through a tree Toward heaven still†. This is used to emphasise the need to connect with the transcendent and the divine. Frost connects with the divine while creating a positive connotation to nature through the apples, which are a gift from God. Their has been a constant battle as to whether Robert Frost is indeed a Romantic poet. This poem conforms that Robert Frost is a Romantic poet as the many characteristics of the Romantic Tradition have greatly been expressed in his work and especially in After Apple Picking as shown in the many examples. The poem includes many of these characteristics and ultimately â€Å"it depicted emotional matter, in an imaginative form†.

The History of the Internet essays

The History of the Internet essays Starting out as a small military experiment some 35 years ago, the Internet is quickly becoming one of the most popular forms of communication. With a present population of about 40 million users world wide, it seems to have a very promising future. Uncensored and almost impossible to monitor, it's a breeding ground for all sorts of offensive and derogatory information. On the other hand, it is probably the biggest single source of data in the world brought home into your personal computer. Will this form of communication survive in the future, or will it simply die out like many others have in the past? The first nodes of the Internet were built 36 years ago by the RAND corporation. They faced the problem of keeping communication between U.S. authorities active in the aftermath of a nuclear war. The country needed a command-and-control network. The biggest problem was protecting the main server, which could be knocked out by a single atomic warhead. RAND came up with the solution in 1964. The new network would have no central authority, and secondly, it would be designed to operate in shambles. " During the 60s, this intriguing concept of a decentralized, blastproof, packet-switching network was kicked around by RAND, MIT and UCLA. The National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain set up the first test network on these principles in 1968. Shortly afterward, the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency decided to fund a larger, more ambitious project in the USA. The nodes of the network were to be high-speed supercomputers (or what passed for supercomputers at the time). These were rare and valuable machines which were in real need of good solid networking, for the sake of national research- and-development projects." (Sterling 1-2) The first was put in place during the fall of 1969. By December of the same year four nodes were installed. They were connected by...

Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV)

Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV) The index of qualitative variation (IQV) is a measure of variability for nominal variables, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. These kinds of variables divide people by categories that cannot be ranked, unlike a variable measure of income or education, which can be measured from high to low. The IQV is based on the ratio of the total number of differences in the distribution to the maximum number of possible differences in the same distribution. Overview Let’s say, for instance, that we are interested in looking at the racial diversity of a city over time in order to see if its population has gotten more or less racially diverse, or if it has stayed the same. The index of qualitative variation is a good tool for measuring this. The index of qualitative variation can vary from 0.00 to 1.00. When all of the cases of the distribution are in one category, there is no diversity or variation, and the IQV is 0.00. For instance, if we have a distribution that consists entirely of Hispanic people, there is no diversity among the variable of race, and our IQV would be 0.00. In contrast, when the cases in a distribution are distributed evenly across the categories, there is maximum variation or diversity, and the IQV is 1.00. For example, if we have a distribution of 100 people and 25 are Hispanic, 25 are white, 25 are Black, and 25 are Asian, our distribution is perfectly diverse and our IQV is 1.00. So, if we are looking at the changing racial diversity of a city over time, we can examine the IQV year-over-year to see how diversity has evolved. Doing this will allow us to see when diversity was at its highest and at its lowest. The IQV can also be expressed as a percentage rather than a proportion. To find the percentage, simply multiply the IQV by 100. If the IQV is expressed as a percentage, it would reflect the percentage of differences relative to the maximum possible differences in each distribution. For example, if we were looking at the racial/ethnic distribution in Arizona and had an IQV of 0.85, we would multiply it by 100 to get 85 percent. This means that the number of racial/ethnic differences is 85 percent of the maximum possible differences. How To Calculate The IQV The formula for the index of qualitative variation is: IQV K(1002 – ÃŽ £Pct2) / 1002(K – 1) Where K  is the number of categories in the distribution and ÃŽ £Pct2 is the sum of all squared percentages in the distribution. There are four steps, then, to calculating the IQV: Construct a percentage distribution.Square the percentages for each category.Sum the squared percentages.Calculate the IQV using the formula above. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Innovation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Innovation Report - Essay Example This paper will examine the impact of innovation on Apple, Microsoft, Nike Inc. and describe how each company’s strategy, processes, products, and or services have been affected by innovation. To understand the impact of innovation on strategy, processes, products and services the definition of innovation needs to be understood. Innovation is not about designing new products, innovation is about creating or delivering to customer’s products or services they don’t even know they want but now they must have (Harvard Business Review 2009). Innovation is the thought of a new creative method; process or idea to a service or product already in existence and that has worked well but now has been changed or modified to fulfill a different need, market or demand. The change or modification will then bring additional revenue to the organization as a result of the innovative process. (Burns, T., and Stalker, 2006, 02) Strategy refers to how the organization will obtain the ends it seeks to achieve; strategy refers to a position taken by the organization. Processes are the learning, designing and planning of the strategy. Products are the results of goods through manufa cturing or a service. Services are the efforts or work by one person or group of persons who benefit another person or group of people, services are considered to be intangible (Betina, 2003). The impact of innovation is clear when looking at how any organization reacts and interacts with the changes of the market. The first organization that will be evaluated is Microsoft. Microsoft is one of the most profitable, most innovative and successful organizations in the world. Microsoft has successfully used innovation to maintain a competitive advantage and market share. Founded in 1975 Microsoft is the world leader in software services, solutions, applications and services that help business operate and stay competitive (Human resource management 2008). Microsoft is at the forefront of innovation and

The dangers of smoking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The dangers of smoking - Assignment Example These are some of the reasons as to why smoking among teenagers has increased. There are many dangers arising from smoking. Some of the dangers of smoking are short while others are long-term. These dangers may include health risk, addiction, economic aspect, side effects, financial burden and psychological effects. This paper seeks to focus on the dangers of smoking. Smoking cigarettes have devastating consequences in pregnant women. The number of women engaging in smoking continues to rise in not only United States but also the rest of the world. Smoking in women affects the development of child in their body especially in their body composition and development. Cigarettes have been shown to contain chemicals that are detrimental to the human body. For example, nicotine and tar found in cigarettes may lead to reduced development of the limbs in children born of pregnant mothers. In addition, such chemicals may lead to stillbirth or premature birth. Such consequence may lead to incr eased spending as some of the corrective measures are undertaken on such children. Furthermore, women who engage in smoking find it difficult in getting pregnant. They are also likely to have ectopic pregnancies, vaginal problems, and challenges on their placenta. On the other hand, there is a clear association of significant heart disease and smoking in pregnant women. Women who engage in smoking are also most likely to give birth to small and unhealthy children. Secondly, cigarettes smoking leads to addiction. This occurs due to the presence of nicotine in c cigarette. Once it circulates within the body, it is difficult for the individuals involved disengaging from smoking. Those individual that regularly engage in smoking are faced with challenges of addiction. Moreover, addiction leads to individual engaging to unnecessary expenses. Such individual finds it difficult in controlling their resources. Addicted individuals are also likely to involve themselves in illegal activities such as stealing, and drug peddling. This may occur as they try to find necessary coin to purchase a packet of cigarette and other smoking substances. The generation of addicted individuals is to increase in the future due to the accessibility of cigarettes by teenagers. These teenagers will grow to become addicted adult. However, those teenagers that take part in smoking do not believe that once in the future they will become addicted individuals. In addition, smoking leads to health problems. Those who take part in smoking mostly are faced with health challenges. These individuals are prone to lung cancer. In fact, this has been leading in causing death in various places around the world. On the other hand, those who engage in smoking cough most in their lifetime. Once the cough perpetuates in the body it leads to severe form of lung cancer. Lung cancer has been shown to be because of tar present in the tobacco smoke. In fact, the number of mortalities because of health problem re sulting from smoking has been on the increase. Likewise, smoking leads to depression and anxiety. In fact, this affects individual who wants to disengage from smoking. In addition, smoking makes it difficult for individual to breath. Such individuals are unable to engage in recreational activities such as swimming and running. Consequently, these individuals remain dormant in the rest of their lives. Additionally,

Role of government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of government - Essay Example In the 19th century, the government had little concern about the economy of the country. The government only ensured that its people had sufficient food and basic necessities (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 84). However, current governments are concerned with the improvement of the economy. The government takes the responsibility of funding projects that will benefit the citizens an also generate income to the nation. Unlike the olden governments, the current government also invests in other nations so that the country has a larger income. The government facilitates international trade that has an economic benefit for the nation. The changes have come as a result of the economic competition between countries and the desire for development. The government protects the rights of all people regardless of their race or gender. Current governments are focused on gender and race equalities and hence the laws that are developed and enforced have a lot of respect for gender and race equality. This has come up as a result of modernization and evolvement of cultures. The government plays a vital role in enforcing rights and freedoms of its citizens. The governments of the 19th century favored the natives, but the situation has long changed due to the pressures for equality. The modern governments are very helpful in preparation for disasters and offer a lot of help when natural disasters hit (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 171). The current governments have implemented programs and set up departments that deal with natural disasters. Through such departments, the government is able to help its people during disasters. The situation was different during the 19 century since technology levels were low, and the government roles were not well defined. Programs such as the FEMA have been developed specifically to ply for the needs of the citizens during disasters. The government has made an improvement in its role in the medical and education sectors. In the past, the role

Verbal Art Essay Example for Free

Verbal Art Essay â€Å"All literacy practices can be considered creative.† Discuss.(2000 words)Prior to any discussion on the topic, it is imperative that the definitions for the key terms are given so as to ensure complete clarity.Literacy practices refers to â€Å"people’s everyday practices of producing and interacting with texts.† (Papen and Tusting, p312) This can include basic and tedious practices such as filling in forms, to more interesting practices such as writing a newspaper article, or composing a song perhaps.Creativity refers to â€Å"making something which is new, which did not exist before the creative act,† or â€Å"making something which is original, which is unlike things that have been made before. † (ibid, p.315) While the term is particularly fluid and open to different interpretations, this definition will suffice here for the purpose of this assignment.Although there are various approaches to the study of creativity – Carter (2004, cited in Maybin, p. 414) coined the term inherency model for creativity relating to the â€Å"formal aspects of language as an abstract system of sounds, grammar and meaning† – for the purpose of this paper, Carter’s second identified approach to understanding creativity in language – the sociocultural model – will be utilised. In this model, creativity in language is seen as determined to a greater or lesser degree, by social, cultural and historical factors.Studying specified texts and drawing out elements of creativity, in for an example a poem, is a specific task with a specific purpose, and is generally something pupils may do in school, but the real creativity, as highlighted by Camitta (Papen and Tusting: Reading A), is the collaborated effort to create a poem, song or rap purely for personal reasons.In her case study over three years at a Philadelphia high school, Camitta studied varieties of literacy among students who believed that â€Å"writing is central to transacting social relationships,, to making meaning out of their lives, and that the act of writing signals that the truth is being told about them.† (Camitta, cited in Papen and Tusting, p332) For them writing was an active form of self-expression, much similar to music, dance, and drawing. The types of texts they produced were vernacular – unofficial and closely related to culture, and as such, collaboration and performance were central processes to producing the texts. The author, in his/her free time, would read out or perform their text – be it rap, song, poem, letter – to an audience, who  would then collaborate and suggest changes. This highlights the author’s creativity in the first instance, but also the creativity of the audience. As is evident, this is quite different to the classroom setting, as these are texts that the collaborators can make suggestions about for changes which will actually lead to amendments, as opposed to commenting on set-in-stone texts. Context is an important factor in creating creative literacy practices. Camitta’s study focused on pupils who were constrained to a degree by the need to be in certain places at certain times, and hence had to fit their writing around that, but there are people who are much more constrained, and in that sense, their creativity is much more astounding. Wilson’s research focused on prisoners’ use of creativity. While the Philadelphia high school students used language as a form of self-expression, and also for play and innate creativity, Wilson states that â€Å"the vast majority of innovation in the prison setting is used not for play, humour or dalliance, but in order to â€Å"keep your mind† †¦ â€Å"and to encourage a sense of mental agility in a world designed to reduce everything and everyone to conformity and orthodoxy.† (Wilson Papen and Tusting, Reading B, p.341)Wilson goes on to highlight an important factor, that creativity and language are situated and contextualised by the environments, spaces, times and cultures in which they are located. In the case of the prisoners, their creativity was evident in the spatial and material forms as well. Spatially the prisoners formed a â€Å"third space† for themselves, which was separate from the prison and the â€Å"outside,† in which to â€Å"live† out their sentence. (Wilson, 1999, p.20) In terms of material creativity, Wilson gives examples of pressing mugs against heating pipes, using the toilet bowl for communication, hiding notes inside tennis balls, and â€Å"swinging lines.† (Wilson, Reading B, in Papen and Tusting, p.344) In terms of creativity in literacy practices, prisoners write letters, poems and raps, in a sense similar to the high school pupils. The difference here is that their literacy practices are a result of the â€Å"third space,† i.e. to retain a sense of individual identity and a â€Å"desire and need to maintain a sense of self agent and not just as subject to other people’s desires and rules.† (Papen and Tusting, p.322).â€Å"The possibilities associated with a setting do not determine what is created within any given context; but they do shape what is possible.† (Papen and Tusting, p.320) With this in mind, the reader’s  attention is not turned to a different type of affordances and constraints â₠¬â€œ that relating to new technologies.Bodomo and Lee (2002, cited in Papen and Tusting, p.323) claim that new forms of language and literacy emerge from the introduction of new communicative tools and media,† which in turn give way to the introduction of techno jargon, literary jargon and new types of digital literacies. The literacy practices associated with new technologies can be categorised into two concepts of creativity as outlined by Kress (2003, p.36). The first is the concept of ‘transformation’, which is the way â€Å"the producer of a text can alter and adapt the forms of signs within a mode in relation to their needs and interests† (Kress, cited in Papen and Tusting, p.323). This can be found in modern literacy practices such as emailing or texting. The use of emoticons is an altering and adapting of signs to create a new meaning in a situation where the texter/emailer is constrained by the symbols available to him via the keyboard/keypad, for example, when a colon and a closed bracket are put together thus: : ) they produce: ï Å  a smiley face.Kress’ second concept is that of ‘transduction’ which â€Å"refers to the moving of ‘semiotic material’ across modes, where meaning that was originally configured in one (or several) modes is moved across to a different one† (Kress, cited in Papen and Tusting, p.323). Papen and Tusting cite the example of the students in Reading A, who â€Å"performed† the poems they wrote, changing from the written to the oral mode. Another very clear example is that of online chatting. Friends usually make plans to meet up in the evening at the local McDonalds for example, but now via internet chat rooms and other forms of internet relay chat (e.g. MSN, Skype), friends can virtually meet up with each other while individually remaining in their own homes. Speech becomes writing, and in many cases still has the feeling of verbal communication, for example with the use of certain greeting words, acronyms, code switching, etc. The author’ has her own experiences of transduction as three of her brothers live abroad and her main communication with them, although previously was via face-to-face or telephone conversations, is now via computer-mediated-conversations. It becomes immediately apparent to her if one of their spouses is pretending to be a brothe r and is chatting to her from their use of language and the individual creativity inherent in it. Although the examples above highlight literacy practices that are constrained through the medium (for  example, the limited number of symbols on a keyboard/keypad), new technology also offers many affordances for the user. In the practice of ‘blogging,’ â€Å"blogs can include visual and other material, producing a kind of virtual scrapbook† (Maybin, p.266), thus drawing on the affordances offered by the Internet. Maybin comments on the dialogic nature of blogging (page 269); in the blog ‘The Story of an Aspiring Romance Writer’, the author’s posts are answered by other ‘bloggers’, who discuss the points raised and provide support and feedback for the author. One act of creativity present in this type of feedback and response is â€Å"the dialogic construction of the self† (Maybin, p.269), which is â€Å"the shaping of self in the course of responding to others† (ibid). Collaboration – discussed previously in the paper plays an important role in this particular literacy practice. Creativity also exists in the chosen medium of a literacy practice; for instance, advertising in Katutura is written on whatever material is to hand, whether it is wood, cardboard or on the wall of a house. Papen notes â€Å"creativity here has a material aspect† (p.352); this is clearly evident in Colour Figure 10, which is an example of heteroglossic diversity; this sign contains not only a multitude of voices, but also a multitude of genres. The phrase â€Å"Just find me here anytime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is deliberately informal, even friendly in nature. It implies that the owner is an easygoing person, ready to help whenever is most convenient for his customer. This contrasts with the final line, â€Å"Thank you so much for your cooperation†, which adopts a typically business-like ‘official’ voice. Papen sees this sign as containing â€Å"a bricolage of genres and registers† (p.352) that is the result of â€Å"some careful thinking and creative approp riation of a new language† (ibid). There may be some parts of speech, or literacy practices, which are seen as creative â€Å"in the moment†, but perhaps not deemed creative later on, because there is no knowledge of what went before or after or the context. (Maybin, p.415). A poignant example of this is the author’s mother who came to England from India in her teens with very little knowledge of English, verbal or written. A very clear memory remains of shopping lists on the fridge door. In terms of â€Å"material creativity,† as discussed previously, the shopping list is not at all Indian in nature, and most people in India probably do not write them, but having come to England, the author’s mother was creative in that she adopted this simple practice for herself.  Furthermore, bearing in mind her little knowledge of English, instead of writing in her mother-tongue Gujarati, she would write in English, in her Indian scroll, spelling items the way she heard them: shugr, bred, weetbiks, e tc. The statement at the heart of this paper was: â€Å"All literacy practices can be considered creative.† The approach taken to explore this was the sociocultural model which allowed certain aspects to have a bearing on literacy practices, such as collaboration, performance, context, transformation, and transduction, highlighting that cultural and social change have caused creativity within literacy practices, but it would be a gross misjudgement here to fail to acknowledge that writing and literacy are also causal factors in the process of social change.Crystal distinguished between amateur and ‘professional’ users and uses of playful language. Amateur creativity is in the form of everyday language in riddles, jokes, limericks, playful uses of accents and dialects, nonce words in popular songs and sayings, while ‘professional’ creativity refers to language play in the work of headline and advertising copy-writers, professional collectors of ludic langu age, comedians and writers of humorous texts. (Crystal, in Carter, R. p.72) Regardless of which of these a literacy practice fits in to, as Papen and Tusting highlight: â€Å"There is an argument that all meaning-making processes have a creative element† (p.315). Furthermore, if one thinks about â€Å"language as [†¦] a system that is constantly created and re-created, changed and adapted, then creativity even at this level turns into a normal event.† (Papen and Tusting, p.324)Hence, as a final note, one may state, that every literacy practice, whether for personal pleasure, or for needs, in open and also restricted contexts, to more or lesser degrees are indeed creative.. Bibliography †¢ Carter, R. (2004), Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk, London Routledge.†¢ Kress, G. (2003), Literacy in the New Media Age, London and New York Routledge,†¢ Maybin, J. (2006) â€Å"Locating Creativity in texts and practices† in Maybin, J Swann, J. (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity, Palgrave Macmillan, The Open University. †¢ Maybin, J. (2006), â€Å"Writing the self† in Maybin, J Swann, J. (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity, Palgrave Macmillan, The Open University. †¢ Maybin, J. Swann, J. (eds) (2006), The Art of English: Everyday Creativity, Palgrave Macmillan, The Open University.†¢ Wilson, A. (1999), â€Å"Researching in the  third space – locating, claiming and valuing the research domain,† in S. Goodman, T. Lillis, J. Maybin and N. Mercer (eds), Language, Literacy and Education: A Reader, London, Trentham.

Global Marketing In Contrast With Local Marketing Marketing Essay

Global Marketing In Contrast With Local Marketing Marketing Essay This report analyse the concept of global marketing in contrast with local marketing, examined with the help of different scholars of all time. It has also been advocated that a new concept of glocal marketing has now prevail in the global scenario to comprehend different markets of the world. There are certain issues and challenges companies face when going global which has been explained with the help of contextual determinants of international marketing explained by the renowned theorist of marketing called Porter and Kotler. The determinants are political stability, government policy, ideology driven economy, fear of colonialism, marketing transfer issues, and lack of infrastructure, north-south dichotomy, east-west dichotomy, and product life cycles. There are certain entry modes or global marketing strategies through which companies can do international and global business, like exporting, licensing, franchising, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. However, the greater the investment the more would be the control and risk. It has been also analysed that franchising appeared to be the most successful means of doing business internationally, which has also been advocated by the case study of McDonalds. The 4Ps of marketing which has been the basis of many marketing plans previously, has now become 7Ps of marketing, that is, product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physicals, the case of McDonalds operating in Saudia Arabia has been analysed according to that. Hence, it has been concluded that companies that are going global cannot treat the whole world as one homogenous market as there are many different cultures, circumstances and characteristics in the world. Therefore the concept of glocal marketing is more feasible to be adopted when going global. INTRODUCTION Global marketing, the most profound change is the orientation of the company toward markets and associated planning activities. At this stage, companies treat the world, including their home market, as one market. Market segmentation decisions are no longer focused on national borders. Instead, market segments are defined by the income levels, usage patterns, or other factors that often span countries and regions. (Cateora and Graham, 2005:312) Keegan (1989:11) mentions two motives for the globalisation of marketing activities. One is to take advantage of opportunities for growth and expansion, and the other is survival. Companies that fail to pursue global opportunities will eventually lose their domestic markets, since they may be pushed aside by stronger and more competitive global competitors. Dahinger and Muhlbacher (1991:5) state that a global approach allows companies to achieve a concentration and coordination of marketing activities, which stimulates the companies effort for globalisation. Sevesson (2002:574-583) extracted from Lamont (1996), he argues that global marketing expresses initiatives to find new markets, segments, niches; the development of buying and selling opportunities; and of marketing across international boundaries. The globalisation of marketing activities includes specific tasks such as the organisation of worldwide efforts, the research of domestic and foreign markets, the finding of new partn ers, the purchasing of comprehensive support services and the managing of the cost of international transactions (Sevesson, 2002:574-583). Johansson (2000:6) describes global marketing as the integration that can involve standardised products, uniform packaging, identical brand names, synchronised product introductions, similar advertising messages or coordinated sales campaigns across markets in several countries. This report undergoes with the issues, challenges and strategy of global marketing along with the international marketing mix of McDonalds, followed by some recommendations to end with. METHODOLOGY An exploratory form of research has been carried out and the data has been collected from the secondary sources, that is, through journals, articles and books. However, the analysis has been done in a vivid, analytical and logical way. LITERATURE REVIEW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBAL AND LOCAL MARKETING: Keegan and Green (2000:2) state that one difference between regular marketing and global marketing is the scope of activities. Another difference is that global marketing involves an understanding of concept and strategies that should be applied in conjunction with universal marketing issues to ensure a global marketing success. Whereas, local and domestic marketing strive exclusively to maximise adaptation, tailoring, differences, concentration, independence, flexibility and separation of marketing activities within market frontiers. A local or domestic related marketing strategy recognises the necessity to consider locally-related issues in the performance of marketing activities in the market place. An international marketing strategy is the widening of local or domestic marketing strategy that is applicable beyond the home markets frontiers while global marketing strategy refers to marketing activities towards a wide selection of foreign markets (Sevensson, 2002:574-583). Johansson (2000:2-6) states that there are four factors that influence companies to strive towards the globalisation of marketing, namely the categories of market, competition, cost and government. These factors are often referred to as the four major globalisation drivers. Originally, Yip (1989:23-63) discusses and classifies the globalisation drivers thus: Market drivers consisting of homogenous needs, global customers, global channels and transferable marketing; Cost drivers categorized as economies of scale and scope, learning and experience, sourcing efficiencies, favourable logistics, differences in country cost and skills, and product development costs; Competitive drivers consisting of the interdependence between countries and the competitors that globalise or might globalise; Government drivers classified as favourable trade policies, compatible technical standards and common marketing regulations. Usually, most marketing activities have to be adapted to local conditions, characteristics and circumstances in the market place. Therefore, it is not suitable to apply a global marketing strategy, since locally related issues of the marketing activities normally have to be taken into consideration in the market place. Daft (2000:2) states that: we must remember we do not do business in markets; we do business in societies..in our future, we will succeed because we will also understand and appeal to local differences. The twenty-first century demands nothing less Therefore, the concept of glocal marketing is introduced to be a compromise, which in part reflects the aspirations of a pure global marketing strategy, while the necessity of locally related issues of marketing activities is simultaneously recognised (Svensson, 2002:574-583). For example, McDonald modifies its traditional Big Mac in India, where it is known as the Maharaja Mac. This burger features two mutton patties because most Indians consider cows sacred and dont eat beef (Cateora and Graham, 2005:56-178). Similarly, the McDonalds restaurants which are operating in the Muslim countries use halal meat. In the same way, McDonalds standardises its processes, logo, most of its advertising, store decor and layouts whenever and wherever possible. However, you will find wine on the menu in France and beer in Germany, a Filipino-style spicy burger in Manila and pork burgers in Thailand-all to accommodate local tastes and customs. The point is, being global is a mindset, a way of looking at the market (Cateora and Graham, 2005:56-178). Thus, glocal marketing make every effort on the way to optimise the steadiness as well as the harmony of the focal organisations marketing conduct on functioning, tactical, and strategic points in terms of standardisation in opposition to adaptation, homogenisation in opposition to tailoring, similarity in opposition to dissimilarity, focus in opposition to dispersion, reliance in opposition to autonomy, synchronisation in opposition to suppleness and integration in opposition to division. THE GLOBAL MARKETING STRATEGIES: There are certain global marketing strategies which can be opted by the organisations in order to prevail in the global scenario. But, before making any choice, the analysis of the market is a vital issue which includes market characteristics (such as potential sales, strategic importance, cultural differences and country restrictions), companys capabilities and characteristics. There are numerous examples of organisations who have simply either imitated other companies or came up with extremely new strategy to enter into the global scenario. The decision of going global mainly depends upon companys capabilities and the market characteristics in order to make an effort to develop a market or to maintain its position permanently. There are different ways which can be adopted by the companies in order to do global marketing, likely, exporting, contractual agreements, strategic alliances and direct foreign investments. Some modes of entering the market are more risk aversive but constit ute more control as well. Firms that are beginning to internationalize and multinational companies that are expanding in nations outside their home base are both faced with the challenge of choosing the best structural arrangement. Four major alternatives are exporting, licensing, joint ventures, and wholly-owned subsidiaries (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). EXPORTING: Exporting can be either direct or indirect. With direct exporting the company sells to a customer in another country (Cateora and Graham, 2005:312-528). Exporting differs from the other modes in that a companys final or intermediate product is manufactured outside the target country and subsequently transferred to it. Indirect exporting uses intermediaries who are located in the companys home country and who take responsibility to ship and market the products. With direct exporting the producer firm does not use home country middlemen, although it may utilize target country intermediaries. This is the most common approach employed by companies taking their first international step because the risks of financial loss can be minimised. The Internet is becoming increasingly important as foreign market entry method. Initially, internet marketing focused on domestic sales, but later on a concept of international internet marketing was developed when companies got orders from other countri es. Today lots of companies are entering into the circle of making their own websites, which indeed has created a competitive advantage overall. Such firms can be called accidental exporters (Michael and Ilkka, 2003:224). Apart from that there are different intermediaries which serve as a major change agent to encourage companies towards exports. Like, chambers of commerce and other business associations that interact with firms locally that can frequently heighten international marketing interests. Similarly, Government efforts both on the national or local level can also serve as a major change agent. In the same way, there are other governmental entities that are actively encouraging firms to participate in the international market. In addition to it, there are many Export Management Companies operating in the domestic markets that specialise in performing international marketing services. They either take the title to the goods or operate internationally on their own account, or they perform services as agents (Cateora and Graham, 2005:398-528) and (Michael and Ilkka, 2003: 224). Another major intermediary is the trading company. The concept was originated by the European trading houses such as the Fuggers and was soon formalised by the monarchs. Today, the most famous trading companies are the sogoshosha of Japan. These general trading companies play a unique role in world commerce by importing, exporting, countertrading, investing and manufacturing. Because of their vast size, they can benefit from economies of scale and perform their operations at very low profit margins (Michael and Ilkka, 2003:224-245). CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENTS: Contractual Agreements are long-term, non-equity associations between a company and another in a foreign market. Contractual agreements generally involve the transfer of technology, processes, trademarks or human skills. In short, they serve as a means of transfer of knowledge rather than equity (Cateora and Graham, 2005:434-450). Licensing is non-equity, contractual mode with one or more local partner firms. A company transfers to a foreign organization the right to use some or all of the following property: patents, trademarks, company name, technology, and/or business methods. The licensee pays an initial fee and/or percentage of sales to the licensor (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). The advantages of licensing are more apparent when capital is scarce, import restrictions forbid other means of entry, a country is sensitive to foreign ownership, or it is necessary to protect patents and trademarks against cancellation for non-use (Cateora and Graham, 2005:434-450). Franchising is a rapidly growing form of licensing in which the franchisor provides a standard package of products, systems and management services, whereas the franchisee provides market knowledge, capital and personal involvement in management. The combination of skills permits flexibility in dealing with local market conditions and yet provides the parent firm with a reasonable degree of control (Cateora and Graham, 2005:434-450). The emblematic reasons in support of the international growth of franchise systems are market potential, financial increase as well as the saturation of domestic markets. Apart from all the compensation of franchising it has a number of disadvantages as well likely, the affirmation of assets from the franchisee point of view. An added apprehension is the level of standardisation seeing as the adjustments are essential in several conditions like McDonalds has developed non-beef burgers to cater the customers in India since cows are treated as sacred in th eir culture. To encourage better organised and more successful growth many companies turn to the master franchising system, wherein foreign partners are selected and awarded the rights to a large territory in which they in turn can sub franchise. As a result, the franchiser gains market expertise and an effective screening mechanism for new franchises, without incurring costly mistakes (Michael and Ilkka, 2003:224-272). Despite provisional setbacks at some stage in the worldwide economic slump right after the twirl of the millennium, franchising is still expected to be the greatest growing market way in strategy. For instance, McDonalds first store in Moscow had seven hundred seating arrangements and twenty seven cash registers. Joint Ventures is differentiated from other types of strategic alliances or collaborative relationships, in that a joint venture is a partnership of two or more participating companies that join forces to create a separate legal entry. McGraw-Hill explained that there are four factors associated with joint ventures which are appended below: Joint ventures are established, separate, legal entities. They acknowledge intent by the partners to share in the management of the joint ventures. They are partnerships between legally incorporated entities such as companies, chartered organisations, or governments and not between individuals. Equity positions are held by each of the partners. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries Wholly-owned operations are subsidiaries in another nation in which the parent company has full ownership and sole responsibility for the management of the operation (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). These global marketing strategies may be differentiated according to three characteristics of the modes that have been identified (Woodcock, 1994:253-274): 1 quantity of resource commitment required; 2 amount of control; 3 level of technology risk. Resource commitments are the dedicated assets that cannot be employed for other uses without incurring costs. Resources may be intangible, such as managerial skills, or tangible, such as machines and money. The amount of required resources varies dramatically with the entry mode, ranging from almost none with indirect exporting, to minimal training costs in licensing, to extensive investments in facilities and human resources in wholly-owned subsidiaries (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). Control is the ability and willingness of a firm to influence decisions, systems, and methods in foreign markets. In a franchise type of licensing agreement, control over the operations is granted to the franchisee in exchange for some type of payment and for the promise to abide by the terms of the contract. Thus, the licensor has little direct control. In a joint venture control is shared formally according to level of ownership, as when equity ownership over 50 percent gives one of the partners the largest number of directors on the board. However, informal control mechanisms may also be exerted as when one partner possesses and uses knowledge and information that the other lacks. Wholly-owned subsidiaries are attractive to many companies because this mode enables the MNC to exert the most control in decision-making. Technology risk is a third parameter of decision-making. This concept can be defined as the potential that a firms applied knowledge (tangible and/or intangible) will be unintentionally transferred to a local firm. In a licensing agreement, the risk of the licensee reproducing and using the licensors technology in the future is fairly high. Joint venture partners may also learn and acquire unspecified elements of the other firms technology in the context of their partnership. Technology risk is probably lowest in a wholly-owned subsidiary, since the operations are under the control of only one firm (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). Resource commitment, control, and technology risk are highly correlated. For example, as implied above, increased control leads to lower technology risk. Yet, control also requires increased resource commitment. Some researchers have argued that the entry mode decision consists mainly of determining the levels of resource commitment, control, and technology risk that the international entrant desires or can accept. Since each mode has a certain level of each factor, the entry decision can seem clear cut (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). In practice, the entry mode decision is highly complex. Besides the previously discussed qualities of each mode, there are a host of target market factors and within company factors that may affect decision making. Certain antecedent conditions affect whether to use, say, a high control mode or a method that requires few resources (Osland, Taylor and Zoe, 2001:153-261). MARKETING MIX STRATEGIES: Standardization proponent argued that the world and the people living in it have similar wants and needs as it has become one homogenous market due to the intervention of international media specifically the television broadcasting, which has ultimately change the whole global scenario and made it to stand on common characteristics, circumstances, needs and wants. Champions of localization argue that the proponents of standardisation had based their theory on faulty assumption, that it says the world has become a homogenous market, which is not true as the standardisation proponents have overlooked the cultural differences between the countries which ultimately play a vital role in consumer behaviour regardless of the fact of expansion of media globally. The study of Vignali (2001:97-111) extracted some work of Ohmae (1989) which states that: Large companies must become more global if they hope to compete. They must change from companies that treat their foreign operations as secondary, to companies that view the entire world as a single borderless market. Similarly, Vignali (2001:97-111) also extracted Czinkota and Ronnenken (1995) who believed that: Altering and adjusting the marketing mix determinants are essential and vital to suit local tastes, meet special needs and consumers non-identical requirements. The debate between these two school of thoughts are still on but most of the scholars advocates regional segmentation strategy that the practice of market segmentation in domestic markets is a clear indicator of the ineffectiveness of treating the whole world as a homogeneous market, as significant tool when entering global. Regional market segmentation examines homogeneous segments, those with similar demand functions, across world markets. Assessing the similarities and differences between consumers across markets, this strategy achieves the advantages of both standardization and localization (Vignali 2001:97-111). FINDINGS ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL MARKETING There are certain contextual determinants Porter (1986) and Kotler (1991) which are the issues and challenges organisations face that ultimately shape the marketing practices between countries (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001. 16-29). CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETING In view of the fact that there are huge literatures in black and white on these determinants, consequently rather than going into detail few points would be discussed which results as a challenge or create issues for the organisations when going global. The first four determinants (political stability, government policy, ideology-driven economy, and fear of colonialism) are more responsible for the prescription of multi domestic marketing practices; therefore, there exists more anecdotal and trade literature and less academic research on them. This includes such managerial decisions as selection of countries with which to do business and specific entry strategies. Most of this has required the understanding and utilization of what has been recently referred to as the fifth P of marketing (politics and public relations). Unfortunately, there is very little theoretical foundation underlying these determinants, partly because international marketing has not borrowed constructs and theories from the social sciences, including political science. Instead it has relied on the framework provided in international business literature, wherein barriers to conducting international business have received considerable attention. However, much of it is based on simply the environmental and policy differences across countries and its consequential impact on the choice of market entry modes and operating strategies (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). The next three determinants (marketing transfer issues, lack of infrastructure, and North-South dichotomy) need a little more description. Marketing transfer issues relate to the operational challenges of product, price, distribution, and promotion adjustments across national boundaries due to divergence in support and core value chain activities including materials, people, processes and facilities. Its purpose is to understand what market factors, including consumer differences and unavailability of marketing institutions, would pose difficulties to the multinational firm in transferring its successful international marketing programs to other countries (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). The lack of infrastructure refers to inadequate availability of transportation, communications, physical, financial, natural, and human resources, especially in emerging markets. This lack of infrastructure impacts the adjustment process for the marketing mix as well as the implementation of the marketing program in foreign countries. Finally, the North-South dichotomy refers to the have and have-not countries of the world and is a direct reflection of the traditional economic development theories and their importance to international marketing practices. Academic research related to these three determinants is moderately rich and seems to be grounded in the theories of economic development, logistics and public policy (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). Finally, most of the academic research in international marketing has been focused on the last two determinants: East-West dichotomy and product life cycles. The first refers to the cultural differences between nations at both a macro and a micro level of understanding and explanation. The second refers to the birth and death theories of product life cycles as they move across national boundaries (Sheth and Parvartiyar, 2001:16-29). Likely, McDonald is on different PLC in the US and Japan (Vignali, 2001:103). THE MARKETING MIX:CASE OF MCDONALDS The concept of marketing mix, the 4Ps, the product, the price, the promotion and the place has been formulated by McCarthy (1975) as extracted by Vignali (2001:97-111) and for many years the marketing plans of enormous companies have been established according to this concept but in 1996 Fifield and Gilligan added- process, physical and people as major aspects of marketing mix and make it to 7Ps of marketing which includes the following: (Vignali 2001:97-111) Product- features, quality and quantity. Place- location and number of outlets. Price- strategy, determinants and levels. Promotion- advertising, sales promotion and public relations. People- quantity, quality, training and promotion. Process- blueprinting, automation and control procedures. Physical- cleanliness, decor and ambience of the service. The following case study of McDonalds advocates that how it has achieved a competitive advantage in the market of Saudia Arabia and how it has implemented its international marketing mix. The marketing mix of McDonalds will be examined according to the above mentioned 7Ps. OVERVIEW OF MCDONALDS: McDonalds was founded in 1937 by the two brothers called Richard McDonald and Maurice McDonald in Pasadena, California. They introduced for the first time the drive-in restaurant techniques. Later on, Ray Kroc after seeing an opportunity in this business offered a McDonalds franchise for $950. In 1961, the McDonalds brothers sold it for $2.7 million. In 1967, the first international venture of McDonalds took place in Canada. Right after that, George Cohon after buying the licence of McDonalds opened his first restaurant in 1968 and ended up in building a network of 640 restaurants. Franchising has been the key of international success for McDonalds. McDonalds now operating in more than 100 countries with over 20,000 restaurants of which most of them are franchises (Vignali, 2001:97-111). In 1993, Riyadh International Catering Corporation (RICC) acquired the McDonalds franchise by which the 100% Saudi company owns and operates all McDonalds restaurants in the Central, Eastern and Northern regions of the Kingdom. Since establishing the first restaurant in Al Riyadh, RICC (McDonalds KSA) has been an active player in the local community and a solid supporter of its economy; sourcing around 80% of its supplies from local and regional suppliers in the Arab world. Recognizing the strength of the Saudi manpower, and translating its commitment towards the local community, RICC strived hard to increase the number of Saudi employees in its workforce. Today, the company is proud that around 25% of its employees are Saudi nationals (www.mcdonaldsarabia.com/index). PRODUCT: McDonalds is among those organisations which has successfully implemented both the global and local marketing strategy in terms of their products. That is, by keeping standardised procedures in producing their products all over the world, while only changing or adapting the contents of the products according to the countries in which it is operating. Irrespective of variations and recent additions, the structure of the McDonalds menu remains essentially uniforms the world over: main course burger/sandwich, fries and drink, however, the contents of the burger may vary according to the scenarios in which they are operating. The thin and elongated fries cut from russet potatoes is the signature feature of McDonalds which is consumed all over the world irrespective of any religious belief or political views (Vignali, 2001:97-111). The main aim of McDonalds is to create products which has standardised or uniformed taste all over the world, but there are times when McDonalds also adapted and changed its items because of religious laws, customs and rituals (Vignali, 2001:97-111). For instance, McDonalds operating in Saudia Arabia has adjusted their menus according to the local religious laws and customs. Like, McArabi Chicken Burger has been introduced, which suits the tastes of the people living in Saudia Arabia. In addition to it, McDonalds KSA, as well as McDonalds across all the Middle East countries served only 100% pure Halal prime cut beef and 100% pure Halal chicken from chicken breast meat with no additives and no fillers. McDonalds also serves the highest quality fries that are Halal and cooked only in 100% vegetable oil without any additives or flavours. Moreover, the Halal certificates which prevail in their market for McDonalds are called Braslo Beef, Braslo Chicken and Lamb Weston Fries (www.mcdonal dsarabia.com/index). Quality, since McDonalds has prevailed in every market with a similar aim that is the standardisation of its procedures, therefore, to maintain that regular inspections takes place either announced or unannounced in order to check the procedures according to different dimensions including the right quantity of contents to be used. This is a global practice of McDonalds which it has remarkably maintained all over the world and over a number of years (Vignali, 2001:97-111). Similarly, in Saudia Arabia it has launched the Open Door program as part of its initiatives that aim at educating customers about its food quality. The program offers the public the opportunity to tour McDonalds kitchen and take a close look at the high quality, safety and cleanliness measures that are implemented while preparing McDonalds food with an aim of High Quality Is Our Standard (www.mcdonaldsarabia.com/index). Nutrition, all McDonalds meals are rich with the various nutrients needed by your body including proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineralsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. In addition, McDonalds Happy Meals provide a great nutrient package for kids. The meals are an excellent or good source of nine or more nutrients, depending on which Happy Meal combination you choose. These include: Protein, fiber, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, and C, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and copper. The nutrient values available on our tray liners and on our nutrition booklets are transparently provided to assist our customers with their selections at McDonalds restaurants in Saudia Arabia. (www.mcdonaldsarabia.com/index) Products Calories Total Fat (g) Carbohydrates (g) Protein (g) Beefburger 254 9 31 13 Cheeseburger 299 13 31 16 Quarter Pounder with Cheese 530 30 38 28 Big Mac 500 26 42 26 McRoyale 540 31 <